# Elenchus

- Id: `elenchus`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/concepts/elenchus/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `substantive_editorial_draft`
- Content checksum: `74892123b5d361d5e64841f9606bde4916c23f517ad43b0301e5e591d17f0f26`

## Summary

Socratic elenchus tests a claim through questions until contradiction, imprecision, or ignorance becomes visible.

## Overview

In the current corpus, this annotation connects 1,676 passages across 161 works, including Abraham Lincoln Papers: Incoming and Contextual Documents, Testimonies and Fragments of Aristo of Chios, Eudemian Ethics. These links provide inspectable points of comparison; they do not assume that every author uses the concept in the same sense.

## Definition evidence passages

```json
[
    "passage:socrates.plato_laches:189",
    "passage:plato.laches:189",
    "passage:socrates.xenophon_memorabilia:3.8"
]
```

## Aliases

```json
[
    "elenchus",
    "réfutation",
    "refutation",
    "cross-examine",
    "examiner",
    "ἐλεγχ"
]
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 161,
    "passages": 1676,
    "thinkers": 31,
    "traditions": 11
}
```

## Related traditions

```json
[
    {
        "id": "political-thought",
        "name": "Political thought and democracy",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/political-thought-and-democracy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "name": "Stoicism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/stoicism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "name": "Greek and Roman traditions",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/greek-and-roman-traditions/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddhism",
        "name": "Buddhism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/buddhism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "name": "Skepticism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/skepticism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chinese-thought",
        "name": "Early Chinese thought",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/early-chinese-thought/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicureanism",
        "name": "Epicureanism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/epicureanism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "name": "Modern and contemporary philosophy",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/modern-and-contemporary-philosophy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "judaism",
        "name": "Judaism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/judaism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "platonism",
        "name": "Socratic and Platonic thought",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/socratic-and-platonic-thought/"
    },
    {
        "id": "christianity",
        "name": "Christianity",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/christianity/"
    }
]
```

## Related works

```json
[
    {
        "id": "abraham_lincoln.papers_context",
        "title": "Abraham Lincoln Papers: Incoming and Contextual Documents",
        "author": "Correspondents and archival record",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/abraham-lincoln-archive-correspondents/incoming-mail-and-context/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristo.testimonia_fragments",
        "title": "Testimonies and Fragments of Aristo of Chios",
        "author": "Aristo of Chios",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristo/testimonia-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.eudemian_ethics",
        "title": "Eudemian Ethics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/eudemian-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.metaphysics",
        "title": "Metaphysics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/metaphysics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.nicomachean_ethics",
        "title": "Nicomachean Ethics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.poetics",
        "title": "Poetics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/poetics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.politics",
        "title": "Politics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/politics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.rhetoric",
        "title": "Rhetoric",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/rhetoric/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.anguttara_nikaya",
        "title": "Aṅguttara Nikāya: Numerical Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/anguttara-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.majjhima_nikaya",
        "title": "Majjhima Nikāya: Collection of Middle-Length Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/majjhima-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.samyutta_nikaya",
        "title": "Saṃyutta Nikāya: Connected Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/samyutta-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "carneades.ancient_testimonia",
        "title": "Ancient testimonia on Carneades",
        "author": "Carneades",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/carneades/ancient-testimonia/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chrysippus.svf_2",
        "title": "SVF II: Chrysippus on Logic and Physics",
        "author": "Chrysippus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/chrysippus/svf-2/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.academica",
        "title": "Academica",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/academica/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.brutus",
        "title": "Brutus, or On Eminent Orators",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/brutus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_atticus",
        "title": "Letters to Atticus",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/letters-to-atticus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_friends",
        "title": "Letters to Friends",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/letters-to-friends/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_quintus",
        "title": "Letters to Quintus",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/letters-to-quintus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_finibus",
        "title": "On Ends",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-finibus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_natura_deorum",
        "title": "On the Nature of the Gods",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-natura-deorum/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.philippics",
        "title": "Philippics",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/philippics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.tusculan_disputations",
        "title": "Tusculan Disputations",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/tusculan-disputations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "confucius.analects",
        "title": "The Analects of Confucius (Lúnyǔ)",
        "author": "Confucius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/confucius/analects/"
    },
    {
        "id": "diogenes.dio_orations",
        "title": "Dio Chrysostom’s Diogenic Orations",
        "author": "Dio Chrysostom",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/dio-chrysostom/dio-orations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "diogenes.pseudo_epistles",
        "title": "Pseudo-Diogenic Epistles",
        "author": "Pseudo-Diogenes",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/pseudo-diogenes/pseudo-epistles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.answers_to_objections",
        "title": "Answers to Objections Concerning the Christian Religion, by Elizabeth Carter",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/answers-to-objections/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.talbot_letters",
        "title": "Letters from Elizabeth Carter to Catherine Talbot",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/talbot-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.vesey_letters",
        "title": "Letters from Elizabeth Carter to Elizabeth Vesey",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/vesey-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.discourses",
        "title": "Discourses of Epictetus, Recorded by Arrian",
        "author": "Epictetus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/discourses/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.doubtful_fragments",
        "title": "Doubtful and Spurious Fragments Attributed to Epictetus",
        "author": "Epictetus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/doubtful-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_herodotus",
        "title": "Letter to Herodotus",
        "author": "Epicurus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/letter-to-herodotus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_menoeceus",
        "title": "Letter to Menoeceus",
        "author": "Epicurus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/letter-to-menoeceus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.vatican_sayings",
        "title": "Vatican Sayings",
        "author": "Epicurus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/vatican-sayings/"
    },
    {
        "id": "heraclitus.fragments",
        "title": "Heraclitus: Diels B fragments",
        "author": "Heraclitus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/heraclitus/fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.essay_human_understanding",
        "title": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.second_treatise",
        "title": "Second Treatise of Government",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/second-treatise/"
    },
    {
        "id": "marcus_aurelius.meditations",
        "title": "Meditations",
        "author": "Marcus Aurelius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/marcus-aurelius/meditations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "montaigne.essais",
        "title": "The Essays",
        "author": "Michel de Montaigne",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/montaigne/essais/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.deuteronomy",
        "title": "Deuteronomy",
        "author": "Moses",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/moses/deuteronomy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.leviticus",
        "title": "Leviticus",
        "author": "Moses",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/moses/leviticus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.numbers",
        "title": "Numbers",
        "author": "Moses",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/moses/numbers/"
    },
    {
        "id": "musonius_rufus.discourses",
        "title": "Discourses of Musonius Rufus Reported by Lucius",
        "author": "Musonius Rufus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/musonius-rufus/discourses/"
    },
    {
        "id": "panaetius.fowler_fragments",
        "title": "Panaetius Fragments in Fowler’s Edition",
        "author": "Panaetius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/panaetius/fowler-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.alcibiades_1",
        "title": "First Alcibiades",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/alcibiades-1/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.alcibiades_2",
        "title": "Second Alcibiades, a Pseudo-Platonic Dialogue",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/alcibiades-2/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.apology",
        "title": "Apology of Socrates",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/apology/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.charmides",
        "title": "Charmides",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/charmides/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.cratylus",
        "title": "Cratylus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/cratylus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.critias",
        "title": "Critias",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/critias/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epinomis",
        "title": "Epinomis, an Ancient Appendix to the Laws",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/epinomis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epistles",
        "title": "Letters Attributed to Plato",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/epistles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.euthydemus",
        "title": "Euthydemus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/euthydemus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.gorgias",
        "title": "Gorgias",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/gorgias/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.hippias_major",
        "title": "Hippias Major",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/hippias-major/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.hippias_minor",
        "title": "Hippias Minor",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/hippias-minor/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.ion",
        "title": "Ion",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/ion/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.laches",
        "title": "Laches",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/laches/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.laws",
        "title": "Laws",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/laws/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.lysis",
        "title": "Lysis",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/lysis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.meno",
        "title": "Meno",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/meno/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.minos",
        "title": "Minos, a Pseudo-Platonic Dialogue",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/minos/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.parmenides",
        "title": "Parmenides",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/parmenides/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.phaedo",
        "title": "Phaedo",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/phaedo/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.phaedrus",
        "title": "Phaedrus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/phaedrus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.philebus",
        "title": "Philebus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/philebus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.protagoras",
        "title": "Protagoras",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/protagoras/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.republic",
        "title": "Republic",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/republic/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.sophist",
        "title": "Sophist",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/sophist/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.statesman",
        "title": "Statesman",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/statesman/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.symposium",
        "title": "Symposium",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/symposium/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.theaetetus",
        "title": "Theaetetus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/theaetetus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.theages",
        "title": "Theages, a Dialogue of Disputed Attribution",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/theages/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.alexander",
        "title": "Alexander",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/alexander/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.caesar",
        "title": "Caesar",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/caesar/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.cato_younger",
        "title": "Cato the Younger",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/cato-younger/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.progress_in_virtue",
        "title": "How One May Know One’s Progress in Virtue",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/progress-in-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.how_young_man_should_study_poetry",
        "title": "How a Young Man Should Study Poetry",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/how-young-man-should-study-poetry/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.profit_from_enemies",
        "title": "How to Profit by One’s Enemies",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/profit-from-enemies/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.common_conceptions_against_stoics",
        "title": "On Common Conceptions against the Stoics",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/common-conceptions-against-stoics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.on_curiosity",
        "title": "On Curiosity",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/on-curiosity/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.moral_virtue",
        "title": "On Moral Virtue",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/moral-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions",
        "title": "On Stoic Self-Contradictions",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/stoic-self-contradictions/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.tranquillity_of_mind",
        "title": "On Tranquillity of Mind, Plutarch",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/tranquillity-of-mind/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.control_of_anger",
        "title": "On the Control of Anger",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/control-of-anger/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.e_at_delphi",
        "title": "On the E at Delphi",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/e-at-delphi/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.face_in_moon",
        "title": "On the Face in the Moon",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/face-in-moon/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.table_talk",
        "title": "Table Talk",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/table-talk/"
    },
    {
        "id": "posidonius.customs_wars",
        "title": "Fragments on Customs and Wars",
        "author": "Posidonius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/posidonius/customs-wars/"
    },
    {
        "id": "seneca.de_beneficiis",
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]
```