# Substance

- Id: `substance`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/concepts/substance/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `substantive_editorial_draft`
- Content checksum: `a9335c4b07adb7ac7f21798cc511cef097bc45218d9873c6b49c7f3cf8a1cddd`

## Summary

For Spinoza, substance is what is in itself and conceived through itself; only one exists, God or Nature.

## Overview

In the current corpus, this annotation connects 3,618 passages across 159 works, including Abraham Lincoln Papers: Lincoln-Authored Documents, Abraham Lincoln Papers: Incoming and Contextual Documents, Eudemian Ethics. These links provide inspectable points of comparison; they do not assume that every author uses the concept in the same sense.

## Definition evidence passages

```json
[
    "passage:troward.edinburgh_lectures:I",
    "passage:troward.creative_process:VIII",
    "passage:spinoza.short_treatise_fr:section-0093"
]
```

## Aliases

```json
[
    "substance",
    "substantia"
]
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 159,
    "passages": 3618,
    "thinkers": 37,
    "traditions": 15
}
```

## Related traditions

```json
[
    {
        "id": "political-thought",
        "name": "Political thought and democracy",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/political-thought-and-democracy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "name": "Greek and Roman traditions",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/greek-and-roman-traditions/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddhism",
        "name": "Buddhism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/buddhism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "name": "Skepticism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/skepticism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "name": "Stoicism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/stoicism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chinese-thought",
        "name": "Early Chinese thought",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/early-chinese-thought/"
    },
    {
        "id": "science",
        "name": "Science and scientific thought",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/science-and-scientific-thought/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicureanism",
        "name": "Epicureanism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/epicureanism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "psychology",
        "name": "Psychology and psychoanalysis",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/psychology-and-psychoanalysis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "judaism",
        "name": "Judaism",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/judaism/"
    },
    {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "name": "Modern and contemporary philosophy",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/modern-and-contemporary-philosophy/"
    },
    {
        "id": "islam",
        "name": "Islam",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/islam/"
    },
    {
        "id": "platonism",
        "name": "Socratic and Platonic thought",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/socratic-and-platonic-thought/"
    },
    {
        "id": "new-thought",
        "name": "New Thought and mental science",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/new-thought-and-mental-science/"
    },
    {
        "id": "christianity",
        "name": "Christianity",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/christianity/"
    }
]
```

## Related works

```json
[
    {
        "id": "abraham_lincoln.papers_authored",
        "title": "Abraham Lincoln Papers: Lincoln-Authored Documents",
        "author": "Abraham Lincoln",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/abraham-lincoln/lincoln-authored-papers/"
    },
    {
        "id": "abraham_lincoln.papers_context",
        "title": "Abraham Lincoln Papers: Incoming and Contextual Documents",
        "author": "Correspondents and archival record",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/abraham-lincoln-archive-correspondents/incoming-mail-and-context/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.eudemian_ethics",
        "title": "Eudemian Ethics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/eudemian-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.metaphysics",
        "title": "Metaphysics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/metaphysics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.nicomachean_ethics",
        "title": "Nicomachean Ethics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.politics",
        "title": "Politics",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/politics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "aristotle.rhetoric",
        "title": "Rhetoric",
        "author": "Aristotle",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/rhetoric/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.anguttara_nikaya",
        "title": "Aṅguttara Nikāya: Numerical Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/anguttara-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.digha_nikaya",
        "title": "Dīgha Nikāya: Collection of Long Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/digha-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.majjhima_nikaya",
        "title": "Majjhima Nikāya: Collection of Middle-Length Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/majjhima-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.samyutta_nikaya",
        "title": "Saṃyutta Nikāya: Connected Discourses",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/samyutta-nikaya/"
    },
    {
        "id": "buddha.sutta_nipata",
        "title": "Sutta Nipāta: Early Collection of Discourses in Verse",
        "author": "Siddhartha Gautama / Buddha",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/buddha/sutta-nipata/"
    },
    {
        "id": "carneades.ancient_testimonia",
        "title": "Ancient testimonia on Carneades",
        "author": "Carneades",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/carneades/ancient-testimonia/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chrysippus.svf_2",
        "title": "SVF II: Chrysippus on Logic and Physics",
        "author": "Chrysippus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/chrysippus/svf-2/"
    },
    {
        "id": "chrysippus.svf_3",
        "title": "SVF III: Chrysippus on Ethics",
        "author": "Chrysippus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/chrysippus/svf-3/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.academica",
        "title": "Academica",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/academica/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.brutus",
        "title": "Brutus, or On Eminent Orators",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/brutus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_atticus",
        "title": "Letters to Atticus",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/letters-to-atticus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.letters_to_friends",
        "title": "Letters to Friends",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/letters-to-friends/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_divinatione",
        "title": "On Divination",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-divinatione/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_officiis",
        "title": "On Duties",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-officiis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_finibus",
        "title": "On Ends",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-finibus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_amicitia",
        "title": "On Friendship",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-amicitia/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_senectute",
        "title": "On Old Age",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-senectute/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.de_natura_deorum",
        "title": "On the Nature of the Gods",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-natura-deorum/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cicero.tusculan_disputations",
        "title": "Tusculan Disputations",
        "author": "Cicero",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/tusculan-disputations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cleanthes.svf_1",
        "title": "SVF I: Cleanthes",
        "author": "Cleanthes",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cleanthes/svf-1/"
    },
    {
        "id": "cleanthes.pearson_fragments",
        "title": "Pearson: Cleanthes fragments",
        "author": "Cleanthes",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cleanthes/pearson-fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "confucius.analects",
        "title": "The Analects of Confucius (Lúnyǔ)",
        "author": "Confucius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/confucius/analects/"
    },
    {
        "id": "diogenes.laertius_book6",
        "title": "Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book VI: The Cynics, by Diogenes Laertius",
        "author": "Diogenes Laertius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/diogenes-laertius/laertius-book6/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.nobel_lecture",
        "title": "Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity, Nobel Lecture",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/nobel-lecture/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.relativity_popular_en",
        "title": "Relativity: The Special and General Theory, English Translation",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/relativity-popular-en/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.sidelights_on_relativity",
        "title": "Sidelights on Relativity",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/sidelights-on-relativity/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.born_letters",
        "title": "The Born-Einstein Letters: Einstein’s Letters",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/born-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.meaning_of_relativity",
        "title": "The Meaning of Relativity",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/meaning-of-relativity/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.principle_selected_papers",
        "title": "The Principle of Relativity: Selected Papers by Einstein",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/principle-selected-papers/"
    },
    {
        "id": "einstein.world_as_i_see_it",
        "title": "The World As I See It",
        "author": "Albert Einstein",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/world-as-i-see-it/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.epictetus_introduction",
        "title": "Introduction to the Works of Epictetus, by Elizabeth Carter",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/epictetus-introduction/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.talbot_letters",
        "title": "Letters from Elizabeth Carter to Catherine Talbot",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/talbot-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.montagu_letters",
        "title": "Letters from Elizabeth Carter to Elizabeth Montagu",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/montagu-letters/"
    },
    {
        "id": "elizabeth_carter.bible_notes",
        "title": "Elizabeth Carter’s Notes on the Bible",
        "author": "Elizabeth Carter",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/elizabeth-carter/bible-notes/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.discourses",
        "title": "Discourses of Epictetus, Recorded by Arrian",
        "author": "Epictetus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/discourses/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epictetus.fragments",
        "title": "Fragments Attributed to Epictetus",
        "author": "Epictetus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/fragments/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_herodotus",
        "title": "Letter to Herodotus",
        "author": "Epicurus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/letter-to-herodotus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "epicurus.letter_to_pythocles",
        "title": "Letter to Pythocles",
        "author": "Epicurus",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/letter-to-pythocles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "freud.traumdeutung",
        "title": "The Interpretation of Dreams",
        "author": "Sigmund Freud",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/freud/traumdeutung/"
    },
    {
        "id": "hillel.rabbinic_testimonia",
        "title": "Hillel in Early Rabbinic Carriers",
        "author": "Hillel the Elder",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/hillel/rabbinic-testimonia/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.essay_human_understanding",
        "title": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/"
    },
    {
        "id": "locke.second_treatise",
        "title": "Second Treatise of Government",
        "author": "John Locke",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/second-treatise/"
    },
    {
        "id": "jung.collected_papers_analytical_psychology",
        "title": "Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology",
        "author": "Carl Gustav Jung",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jung/collected-papers-analytical-psychology/"
    },
    {
        "id": "jung.psychologische_typen",
        "title": "Psychological Types",
        "author": "Carl Gustav Jung",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jung/psychologische-typen/"
    },
    {
        "id": "jung.psychology_of_the_unconscious",
        "title": "Psychology of the Unconscious: Transformations and Symbols of the Libido",
        "author": "Carl Gustav Jung",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jung/psychology-of-the-unconscious/"
    },
    {
        "id": "jung.theory_of_psychoanalysis",
        "title": "The Theory of Psychoanalysis",
        "author": "Carl Gustav Jung",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jung/theory-of-psychoanalysis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "laozi.daodejing",
        "title": "Daodejing, Book of the Way and Virtue",
        "author": "Laozi",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/laozi/daodejing/"
    },
    {
        "id": "marcus_aurelius.meditations",
        "title": "Meditations",
        "author": "Marcus Aurelius",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/marcus-aurelius/meditations/"
    },
    {
        "id": "montaigne.essais",
        "title": "The Essays",
        "author": "Michel de Montaigne",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/montaigne/essais/"
    },
    {
        "id": "moses.genesis",
        "title": "Genesis",
        "author": "Moses",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/moses/genesis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "muhammad.quran",
        "title": "The Qur’an",
        "author": "Muhammad",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/muhammad/quran/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epinomis",
        "title": "Epinomis, an Ancient Appendix to the Laws",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/epinomis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.epistles",
        "title": "Letters Attributed to Plato",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/epistles/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.euthydemus",
        "title": "Euthydemus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/euthydemus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.gorgias",
        "title": "Gorgias",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/gorgias/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.laws",
        "title": "Laws",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/laws/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.lysis",
        "title": "Lysis",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/lysis/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.meno",
        "title": "Meno",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/meno/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.protagoras",
        "title": "Protagoras",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/protagoras/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.republic",
        "title": "Republic",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/republic/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.sophist",
        "title": "Sophist",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/sophist/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.statesman",
        "title": "Statesman",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/statesman/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.symposium",
        "title": "Symposium",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/symposium/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.theaetetus",
        "title": "Theaetetus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/theaetetus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plato.timaeus",
        "title": "Timaeus",
        "author": "Plato",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/timaeus/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.alexander",
        "title": "Alexander",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/alexander/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.progress_in_virtue",
        "title": "How One May Know One’s Progress in Virtue",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/progress-in-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.how_young_man_should_study_poetry",
        "title": "How a Young Man Should Study Poetry",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/how-young-man-should-study-poetry/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.common_conceptions_against_stoics",
        "title": "On Common Conceptions against the Stoics",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/common-conceptions-against-stoics/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.moral_virtue",
        "title": "On Moral Virtue",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/moral-virtue/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions",
        "title": "On Stoic Self-Contradictions",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/stoic-self-contradictions/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.tranquillity_of_mind",
        "title": "On Tranquillity of Mind, Plutarch",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/tranquillity-of-mind/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.e_at_delphi",
        "title": "On the E at Delphi",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/e-at-delphi/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.face_in_moon",
        "title": "On the Face in the Moon",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/face-in-moon/"
    },
    {
        "id": "plutarch.table_talk",
        "title": "Table Talk",
        "author": "Plutarch",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/table-talk/"
    },
    {
        "id": "seneca.consolatio_ad_helviam",
        "title": "Consolation to Helvia, His Mother",
        "author": "Seneca",
        "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/seneca/consolatio-ad-helviam/"
    },
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        "id": "seneca.consolatio_ad_marciam",
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        "id": "seneca.de_otio",
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        "id": "seneca.de_tranquillitate_animi",
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]
```