{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-intellectual-tradition-v1",
    "id": "modern-philosophy",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/intellectual-traditions/modern-and-contemporary-philosophy/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Modern and contemporary philosophy",
    "editorial_status": "reviewed",
    "summary": "Works reshaping critique, subjectivity, and philosophical practice after the Renaissance.",
    "body": "Modern philosophy shifts the authority of texts, the relation between reason and experience, and the description of the subject. Spinoza rebuilds ethics from nature, Nietzsche questions the value of values, while Pierre Hadot returns exercises and forms of life to the centre of philosophy’s history.\n\nThis category covers incompatible movements. It locates works in the corpus without merging them into a common doctrine, and detailed pages keep their conflicts visible.",
    "period": "16th century to the present",
    "statistics": {
        "thinkers": 12,
        "works": 47,
        "passages": 29931,
        "concepts": 203
    },
    "thinkers": [
        {
            "id": "nietzsche",
            "name": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/nietzsche/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza",
            "name": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/spinoza/"
        },
        {
            "id": "hadot",
            "name": "Pierre Hadot",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/hadot/"
        },
        {
            "id": "holiday",
            "name": "Ryan Holiday",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/holiday/"
        },
        {
            "id": "lenoir",
            "name": "Frédéric Lenoir",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/lenoir/"
        },
        {
            "id": "andre_comte_sponville",
            "name": "André Comte-Sponville",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/andre-comte-sponville/"
        },
        {
            "id": "mo_gawdat",
            "name": "Mo Gawdat",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/mo-gawdat/"
        },
        {
            "id": "tolstoy",
            "name": "Leo Tolstoy",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/tolstoy/"
        },
        {
            "id": "jacques_ellul",
            "name": "Jacques Ellul",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/jacques-ellul/"
        },
        {
            "id": "schopenhauer",
            "name": "Arthur Schopenhauer",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/schopenhauer/"
        },
        {
            "id": "paulo_coelho",
            "name": "Paulo Coelho",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/paulo-coelho/"
        },
        {
            "id": "jean_paul_sartre",
            "name": "Jean-Paul Sartre",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/jean-paul-sartre/"
        }
    ],
    "works": [
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.caligula",
            "title": "Caligula",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/caligula/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.le_malentendu",
            "title": "The Misunderstanding",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/le-malentendu/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.le_mythe_de_sisyphe",
            "title": "The Myth of Sisyphus",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/le-mythe-de-sisyphe/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.les_justes",
            "title": "The Just Assassins",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/les-justes/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.letat_de_siege",
            "title": "State of Siege",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/letat-de-siege/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.letranger",
            "title": "The Stranger",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/letranger/"
        },
        {
            "id": "albert_camus.lexil_et_le_royaume",
            "title": "Exile and the Kingdom",
            "author": "Albert Camus",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/albert-camus/lexil-et-le-royaume/"
        },
        {
            "id": "francis_of_assisi.later_rule",
            "title": "Later Rule",
            "author": "Francis of Assisi",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/francis-of-assisi/later-rule/"
        },
        {
            "id": "francis_of_assisi.testament",
            "title": "Testament",
            "author": "Francis of Assisi",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/francis-of-assisi/testament/"
        },
        {
            "id": "sartre.existentialisme_humanisme",
            "title": "Existentialism Is a Humanism",
            "author": "Jean-Paul Sartre",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jean-paul-sartre/existentialisme-humanisme/"
        },
        {
            "id": "locke.essay_human_understanding",
            "title": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding",
            "author": "John Locke",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/"
        },
        {
            "id": "locke.second_treatise",
            "title": "Second Treatise of Government",
            "author": "John Locke",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/second-treatise/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.zarathustra_1",
            "title": "Thus Spoke Zarathustra I",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/zarathustra-1/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.zarathustra_2",
            "title": "Thus Spoke Zarathustra II",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/zarathustra-2/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.zarathustra_3",
            "title": "Thus Spoke Zarathustra III",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/zarathustra-3/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.zarathustra_4",
            "title": "Thus Spoke Zarathustra IV",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/zarathustra-4/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.david_strauss",
            "title": "David Strauss",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/david-strauss/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.antichrist",
            "title": "The Antichrist",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/antichrist/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.case_wagner",
            "title": "The Case of Wagner",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/case-wagner/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.birth_of_tragedy",
            "title": "The Birth of Tragedy",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/birth-of-tragedy/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.gay_science",
            "title": "The Gay Science",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/gay-science/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.dionysian_dithyrambs",
            "title": "Dionysian Dithyrambs",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/dionysian-dithyrambs/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.ecce_homo",
            "title": "Ecce Homo",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/ecce-homo/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.new_year_word",
            "title": "A New Year's Word",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/new-year-word/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.twilight_idols",
            "title": "Twilight of the Idols",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/twilight-idols/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.idylls_messina",
            "title": "Idylls from Messina",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/idylls-messina/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.beyond_good_evil",
            "title": "Beyond Good and Evil",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/beyond-good-evil/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.human_all_too_human_1",
            "title": "Human, All Too Human I",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/human-all-too-human-1/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.human_all_too_human_2",
            "title": "Human, All Too Human II",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/human-all-too-human-2/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.daybreak",
            "title": "Daybreak",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/daybreak/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.nietzsche_contra_wagner",
            "title": "Nietzsche contra Wagner",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/nietzsche-contra-wagner/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.wagner_bayreuth",
            "title": "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/wagner-bayreuth/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.schopenhauer_educator",
            "title": "Schopenhauer as Educator",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/schopenhauer-educator/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.socrates_greek_tragedy",
            "title": "Socrates and Greek Tragedy",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/socrates-greek-tragedy/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.use_abuse_history",
            "title": "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/use-abuse-history/"
        },
        {
            "id": "nietzsche.genealogy_morality",
            "title": "On the Genealogy of Morality",
            "author": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/nietzsche/genealogy-morality/"
        },
        {
            "id": "raphael_enthoven.actu_philosophia_2011",
            "title": "Interview on The Philosopher on Call",
            "author": "Raphaël Enthoven",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/raphael-enthoven/actu-philosophia-2011/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.ethics_en",
            "title": "Ethics, English Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-en/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.ethics_fr",
            "title": "Ethics, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/ethics-fr/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.emendation_en",
            "title": "Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, English Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/emendation-en/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.political_treatise_en",
            "title": "Political Treatise, English Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/political-treatise-en/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.short_treatise_fr",
            "title": "Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being, French Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/short-treatise-fr/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.letters_en",
            "title": "Spinoza’s Correspondence: Spinoza-Authored Letters, English Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/letters-en/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.theologico_political_treatise_en",
            "title": "Theologico-Political Treatise, English Manifestation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/theologico-political-treatise-en/"
        },
        {
            "id": "spinoza.emendation_fr",
            "title": "Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, Émile Saisset’s French Translation",
            "author": "Baruch Spinoza",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/spinoza/emendation-fr/"
        },
        {
            "id": "thomas_aquinas.summa_contra_gentiles",
            "title": "Summa Contra Gentiles",
            "author": "Thomas Aquinas",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/thomas-aquinas/summa-contra-gentiles/"
        },
        {
            "id": "thomas_aquinas.summa_theologiae",
            "title": "Summa Theologiae",
            "author": "Thomas Aquinas",
            "url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/thomas-aquinas/summa-theologiae/"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "d2a534f26a0c94b529f38a900d3ba47980adc24e1d05ca22019383239ae0dc65"
}