# Carneades

- Id: `carneades`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/carneades/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `available`
- Content checksum: `a32f344ef07eda52bbf02c70bf0b0a5880909ad9d78550d6a9d37755a513533d`

## Summary

Academic skeptic reconstructed from one hundred carrier-qualified testimonia in Greek, Latin, French, and English, with opposed advocacy separated from dogmatic denial and practical probability kept revisable.

## Overview

Carneades died in 129/128 BCE and left no surviving self-authored work. His positions are reconstructed through later witnesses, especially Clitomachus as mediated by Cicero and Sextus Empiricus.

## Lifespan

```json
{
    "display": "c. 214–c. 129 BCE",
    "era": "Hellenistic and Roman era",
    "distance": "about 2,154 years ago",
    "age_at_death": null
}
```

## Intellectual tradition

```json
{
    "id": "skepticism",
    "name": "Skepticism",
    "detail": "Academic skepticism",
    "labels": [
        "Skepticism",
        "Academic skepticism"
    ]
}
```

## Historical cutoff

```json
{
    "year": -128,
    "display": "128 BCE",
    "reason": "Carneades died in 129/128 BCE and left no surviving self-authored work. His positions are reconstructed through later witnesses, especially Clitomachus as mediated by Cicero and Sextus Empiricus."
}
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 1,
    "passages": 100,
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr",
        "grc",
        "lat"
    ],
    "intellectual_exposures": 2,
    "typed_relationships": 1
}
```

## Attested thinker encounters

```json
[
    {
        "person_id": "clitomachus",
        "name": "Clitomachus",
        "relationship_type": "student_and_literary_reporter",
        "confidence": "C",
        "source_refs": [
            "corpus.carneades.testimonia",
            "ancient.cicero.academica"
        ]
    }
]
```

## Places

```json
[
    {
        "name": "Cyrene",
        "period": "214/213 BCE",
        "description": "Birthplace.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Athens",
        "period": "adult life",
        "description": "Head of the Academy and center of teaching.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rome",
        "period": "155 BCE",
        "description": "Embassy and celebrated paired speeches on justice.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/"
    }
]
```