{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-thinker-v1",
    "id": "cicero",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/cicero/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Cicero",
    "editorial_status": "available",
    "summary": "Roman lawyer, statesman, and writer, Cicero gave the debates of Greek philosophy a Latin voice.",
    "body": "Cicero was killed in 43 BCE; the Augustan settlement and every later reception lie outside his default horizon.",
    "lifespan": {
        "display": "106–43 BCE",
        "era": "Hellenistic and Roman era",
        "distance": "2,068 years ago",
        "age_at_death": null
    },
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-schools",
        "name": "Greek and Roman traditions",
        "detail": "Academic / Roman philosophy",
        "labels": [
            "Greek and Roman traditions",
            "Academic",
            "Roman philosophy"
        ]
    },
    "historical_cutoff": {
        "year": -43,
        "display": "43 BCE",
        "reason": "Cicero was killed in 43 BCE; the Augustan settlement and every later reception lie outside his default horizon."
    },
    "statistics": {
        "works": 21,
        "passages": 8009,
        "languages": [
            "en",
            "fr",
            "lat"
        ],
        "intellectual_exposures": 2,
        "typed_relationships": 0
    },
    "attested_thinker_encounters": [],
    "places": [
        {
            "name": "Arpinum",
            "period": "106 BCE",
            "description": "Birthplace and enduring family connection.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Rome",
            "period": "education-43 BCE",
            "description": "Education, law, politics and oratory.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Athens",
            "period": "79 BCE",
            "description": "Philosophical and rhetorical study.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Rhodes",
            "period": "79-77 BCE",
            "description": "Further rhetorical study with Molon.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Cilicia / Tarsus",
            "period": "51-50 BCE",
            "description": "Provincial governorship.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Tusculum",
            "period": "late Republic",
            "description": "Villa and setting for major philosophical composition.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Formiae",
            "period": "43 BCE",
            "description": "Final flight and assassination nearby.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://iep.utm.edu/cicero/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Brundisium",
            "period": "58 and 57 BCE",
            "description": "Port of departure into exile and return to Italy.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html"
        },
        {
            "name": "Thessalonica",
            "period": "58 BCE",
            "description": "Principal refuge during the first months of exile.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0022%3Ayear%3Dvolume+1+intro"
        },
        {
            "name": "Dyrrachium",
            "period": "58-57 BCE",
            "description": "Later base during exile before his recall.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0022%3Ayear%3Dvolume+1+intro"
        },
        {
            "name": "Vibo Valentia / Hipponium",
            "period": "58 BCE",
            "description": "A documented stop on the route into exile.",
            "confidence": "B",
            "source_url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cicero*.html"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "e1034e10df54ee299e3383fa734cd88f9cb71a58cd6ebd1cf94221b833986a5e"
}