{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-thinker-v1",
    "id": "montaigne",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/montaigne/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Michel de Montaigne",
    "editorial_status": "available",
    "summary": "Magistrate, traveler and essayist, Montaigne tests inherited rules against bodily experience, foreign customs and his own changing judgment.",
    "body": "Montaigne died on 13 September 1592. The 1595 edition is a posthumous carrier prepared by Marie de Gournay from authorial material.",
    "lifespan": {
        "display": "1533–1592",
        "era": "Renaissance",
        "distance": "434–493 years ago",
        "age_at_death": 59
    },
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "skepticism",
        "name": "Skepticism",
        "detail": "Renaissance skepticism / ethics",
        "labels": [
            "Skepticism",
            "Renaissance skepticism",
            "ethics"
        ]
    },
    "historical_cutoff": {
        "year": 1592,
        "display": "1592 CE",
        "reason": "Montaigne died on 13 September 1592. The 1595 edition is a posthumous carrier prepared by Marie de Gournay from authorial material."
    },
    "statistics": {
        "works": 1,
        "passages": 106,
        "languages": [
            "en",
            "fr"
        ],
        "intellectual_exposures": 2,
        "typed_relationships": 2
    },
    "attested_thinker_encounters": [],
    "places": [
        {
            "name": "Château de Montaigne",
            "period": "1533-1592",
            "description": "Birth, retreat, library and death.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Bordeaux",
            "period": "public career",
            "description": "Magistracy and two terms as mayor.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Paris",
            "period": "multiple journeys",
            "description": "Court, publication and political travel.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Baden",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded in the Travel Journal.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Basel",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Swiss stage and visit to learned circles.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Schaffhausen",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded stage near the Rhine Falls.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Constance",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded stage on Lake Constance.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Augsburg",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded German journey and close observation of civic and religious customs.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Munich",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Bavarian stage.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Innsbruck",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Alpine crossing toward Italy.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Verona",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Padua",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded stay before the detour to Venice.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Venice",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Italian journey.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Ferrara",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Bologna",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Florence",
            "period": "1580-1581",
            "description": "Recorded Italian journey.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Siena",
            "period": "1580",
            "description": "Recorded journey south toward Rome.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Rome",
            "period": "1580-1581",
            "description": "Extended stay and Roman citizenship.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        },
        {
            "name": "Lucca and Bagni di Lucca",
            "period": "1581",
            "description": "Recorded Tuscan residence and thermal treatment.",
            "confidence": "A",
            "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "174c11934ed86e7c2c435cd7d50d66f509d7cdda2392cdd3be504bb1b034a997"
}