# Michel de Montaigne

- Id: `montaigne`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/montaigne/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `available`
- Content checksum: `174c11934ed86e7c2c435cd7d50d66f509d7cdda2392cdd3be504bb1b034a997`

## Summary

Magistrate, traveler and essayist, Montaigne tests inherited rules against bodily experience, foreign customs and his own changing judgment.

## Overview

Montaigne died on 13 September 1592. The 1595 edition is a posthumous carrier prepared by Marie de Gournay from authorial material.

## Lifespan

```json
{
    "display": "1533–1592",
    "era": "Renaissance",
    "distance": "434–493 years ago",
    "age_at_death": 59
}
```

## Intellectual tradition

```json
{
    "id": "skepticism",
    "name": "Skepticism",
    "detail": "Renaissance skepticism / ethics",
    "labels": [
        "Skepticism",
        "Renaissance skepticism",
        "ethics"
    ]
}
```

## Historical cutoff

```json
{
    "year": 1592,
    "display": "1592 CE",
    "reason": "Montaigne died on 13 September 1592. The 1595 edition is a posthumous carrier prepared by Marie de Gournay from authorial material."
}
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 1,
    "passages": 106,
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "intellectual_exposures": 2,
    "typed_relationships": 2
}
```

## Places

```json
[
    {
        "name": "Château de Montaigne",
        "period": "1533-1592",
        "description": "Birth, retreat, library and death.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Bordeaux",
        "period": "public career",
        "description": "Magistracy and two terms as mayor.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Paris",
        "period": "multiple journeys",
        "description": "Court, publication and political travel.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Baden",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded in the Travel Journal.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Basel",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Swiss stage and visit to learned circles.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Schaffhausen",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded stage near the Rhine Falls.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Constance",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded stage on Lake Constance.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Augsburg",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded German journey and close observation of civic and religious customs.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Munich",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Bavarian stage.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Innsbruck",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Alpine crossing toward Italy.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Verona",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Padua",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded stay before the detour to Venice.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Venice",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Italian journey.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Ferrara",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Bologna",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded Italian stage.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Florence",
        "period": "1580-1581",
        "description": "Recorded Italian journey.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Siena",
        "period": "1580",
        "description": "Recorded journey south toward Rome.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rome",
        "period": "1580-1581",
        "description": "Extended stay and Roman citizenship.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Lucca and Bagni di Lucca",
        "period": "1581",
        "description": "Recorded Tuscan residence and thermal treatment.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://montaigne.univ-tours.fr/journal-voyage/"
    }
]
```