# Posidonius

- Id: `posidonius`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/posidonius/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `available`
- Content checksum: `8d71e1f89314f968f29922dff8ff2a04554ffc3648467b5e21bfe72341dbb1dc`

## Summary

A source-critical Middle Stoic persona built from 197 historical fragments and 28 testimonia, with each ancient carrier explicit and one malformed ocean source quarantined.

## Overview

Posidonius died around 51 BCE. His books are lost and survive through quotations, summaries, adaptations and testimonia in later carriers.

## Lifespan

```json
{
    "display": "c. 135–c. 51 BCE",
    "era": "Hellenistic and Roman era",
    "distance": "about 2,076 years ago",
    "age_at_death": null
}
```

## Intellectual tradition

```json
{
    "id": "stoicism",
    "name": "Stoicism",
    "detail": "Middle Stoa",
    "labels": [
        "Stoicism",
        "Middle Stoa"
    ]
}
```

## Historical cutoff

```json
{
    "year": -50,
    "display": "50 BCE",
    "reason": "Posidonius died around 51 BCE. His books are lost and survive through quotations, summaries, adaptations and testimonia in later carriers."
}
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 2,
    "passages": 225,
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr",
        "grc",
        "lat"
    ],
    "intellectual_exposures": 2,
    "typed_relationships": 3
}
```

## Places

```json
[
    {
        "name": "Apamea",
        "period": "c. 135 BCE",
        "description": "Traditional Syrian birthplace.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Posidonius"
    },
    {
        "name": "Athens",
        "period": "education",
        "description": "Stoic study under Panaetius.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Posidonius"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rhodes",
        "period": "adult life",
        "description": "School, citizenship, political service and research base.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Posidonius"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rome",
        "period": "multiple visits",
        "description": "Diplomatic visits and Roman intellectual contacts.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Posidonius"
    },
    {
        "name": "Gades / Cádiz",
        "period": "research journey",
        "description": "Western journey associated with observations of Atlantic tides.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Posidonius"
    }
]
```