# Baruch Spinoza

- Id: `spinoza`
- Canonical url: `https://prokopton42.com/en/thinkers/spinoza/`
- Language: `en`
- Editorial status: `available`
- Content checksum: `5a48267e51f868a00a8a9d2bb2ada8345f204f722b6430b059a912be91ae0a1f`

## Summary

A Dutch philosopher of the seventeenth century, Spinoza builds a geometrical ethics of causes, affects, freedom, and human flourishing.

## Overview

Spinoza died on 21 February 1677.

## Lifespan

```json
{
    "display": "1632–1677",
    "era": "Early modern period",
    "distance": "349–394 years ago",
    "age_at_death": 45
}
```

## Intellectual tradition

```json
{
    "id": "modern-philosophy",
    "name": "Modern and contemporary philosophy",
    "detail": "Early modern ethics",
    "labels": [
        "Modern and contemporary philosophy",
        "Early modern ethics"
    ]
}
```

## Historical cutoff

```json
{
    "year": 1677,
    "display": "1677 CE",
    "reason": "Spinoza died on 21 February 1677."
}
```

## Statistics

```json
{
    "works": 8,
    "passages": 1314,
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "intellectual_exposures": 2,
    "typed_relationships": 0
}
```

## Places

```json
[
    {
        "name": "Amsterdam",
        "period": "1632-1660",
        "description": "Birth, education and excommunication.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Rijnsburg",
        "period": "1661-1663",
        "description": "Residence and philosophical work.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Voorburg",
        "period": "1663-1670",
        "description": "Residence during composition and publication.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/"
    },
    {
        "name": "The Hague",
        "period": "1670-1677",
        "description": "Final residence, correspondence and death.",
        "confidence": "A",
        "source_url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/"
    },
    {
        "name": "Ouderkerk aan de Amstel",
        "period": "c. 1660",
        "description": "A short stay after leaving Amsterdam is reported by the Spinoza House biographical network.",
        "confidence": "B",
        "source_url": "https://www.spinozadenhaag.nl/wie-was-spinoza/"
    }
]
```