{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "aristotle.metaphysics",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/metaphysics/livre-5/passage-10/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Metaphysics",
    "author": "Aristotle",
    "date": "4th century BCE; transmitted as a layered collection",
    "summary": "Metaphysics proceeds through distinctions, objections, and causal inquiry. The surviving text has the density of a school treatise, not a transcribed conversation.",
    "learning": "Identify the exact question asked of being, distinguish substance, cause, potentiality, and actuality, then test which difficulty each distinction resolves.",
    "long_summary": "Canonical identity follows the CTS book and section. The critical Greek, historical English translation, and AI-generated French translation remain three aligned manifestations.\n\nThe books do not present a system cast in one piece: they revisit causes, being, substance, potentiality, and actuality through several inquiries. An isolated formula must not conceal those internal tensions.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/metaphysics/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 142,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "cc4a1af60112ea7f98b385f557ee598b87a62e2457ee288cae71f63f3cfdc02d",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/metaphysics/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 142,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "8da2bf9dc46a1f562c63821cf39ceb5a375ad60826feb518ca4479033d69be0e",
            "source_id": "perseus-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/metaphysics/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-13",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 142,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "9ec0b903f1448863e575098ef9766536f16baf848e3e40d466639197fc1cf6b6",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "attribute",
            "label": "Attribute"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "aristotle.metaphysics"
    ],
    "passages": 142,
    "word_count": 109138,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 109138,
        "fr": 113943,
        "grc": 78979
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:aristotle.metaphysics:5.10",
    "canonical_ref": "5.10",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ἀντικείμενα λέγεται ἀντίφασις καὶ τἀναντία καὶ τὰ πρός τι καὶ στέρησις καὶ ἕξις καὶ ἐξ ὧν καὶ εἰς ἃ ἔσχατα αἱ γενέσεις καὶ φθοραί· καὶ ὅσα μὴ ἐνδέχεται ἅμα παρεῖναι τῷ ἀμφοῖν δεκτικῷ, ταῦτα ἀντικεῖσθαι λέγεται ἢ αὐτὰ ἢ ἐξ ὧν ἐστίν. φαιὸν γὰρ καὶ λευκὸν ἅμα τῷ αὐτῷ οὐχ ὑπάρχει· διὸ ἐξ ὧν ἐστὶν ἀντίκειται. ἐναντία λέγεται τά τε μὴ δυνατὰ ἅμα τῷ αὐτῷ παρεῖναι τῶν διαφερόντων κατὰ γένος, καὶ τὰ πλεῖστον διαφέροντα τῶν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ γένει, καὶ τὰ πλεῖστον διαφέροντα τῶν ἐν ταὐτῷ δεκτικῷ, καὶ τὰ πλεῖστον διαφέροντα τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτὴν δύναμιν, καὶ ὧν ἡ διαφορὰ μεγίστη ἢ ἁπλῶς ἢ κατὰ γένος ἢ κατʼ εἶδος. τὰ δʼ ἄλλα ἐναντία λέγεται τὰ μὲν τῷ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἔχειν, τὰ δὲ τῷ δεκτικὰ εἶναι τῶν τοιούτων, τὰ δὲ τῷ ποιητικὰ ἢ παθητικὰ εἶναι τῶν τοιούτων, ἢ ποιοῦντα ἢ πάσχοντα, ἢ ἀποβολαὶ ἢ λήψεις, ἢ ἕξεις ἢ στερήσεις εἶναι τῶν τοιούτων. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ ἓν καὶ τὸ ὂν πολλαχῶς λέγεται, ἀκολουθεῖν ἀνάγκη καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα κατὰ ταῦτα λέγεται, ὥστε καὶ τὸ ταὐτὸν καὶ τὸ ἕτερον καὶ τὸ ἐναντίον, ὥστʼ εἶναι ἕτερον καθʼ ἑκάστην κατηγορίαν.—ἕτερα δὲ τῷ εἴδει λέγεται ὅσα τε ταὐτοῦ γένους ὄντα μὴ ὑπάλληλά ἐστι, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ γένει ὄντα διαφορὰν ἔχει, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῇ οὐσίᾳ ἐναντίωσιν ἔχει· καὶ τὰ ἐναντία ἕτερα τῷ εἴδει ἀλλήλων ἢ πάντα ἢ τὰ λεγόμενα πρώτως, καὶ ὅσων ἐν τῷ τελευταίῳ τοῦ γένους εἴδει οἱ λόγοι ἕτεροι (οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος ἄτομα τῷ γένει οἱ δὲ λόγοι ἕτεροι αὐτῶν), καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ οὐσίᾳ ὄντα ἔχει διαφοράν. ταὐτὰ δὲ τῷ εἴδει τὰ ἀντικειμένως λεγόμενα τούτοις.",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc",
            "translation_type": "critical_original_language"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "The term opposite is applied to (a) contradiction; (b) contraries; (c) relative terms; (d) privation; (e) state; (f) extremes; e.g. in the process of generation and destruction. And (g) all things which cannot be present at the same time in that which admits of them both are called opposites; either themselves or their constituents. Grey and white do not apply at the same time to the same thing, and hence their constituents are opposite. Contrary means: (a) attributes, generically different, which cannot apply at the same time to the same thing. (b) The most different attributes in the same genus; or (c) in the same subject; or (d) falling under the same faculty. (e) Things whose difference is greatest absolutely, or in genus, or in species. Other things are called contrary either because they possess attributes of this kind, or because they are receptive of them, or because they are productive of or liable to them, or actually produce or incur them, or are rejections or acquisitions or possessions or privations of such attributes. And since one and being have various meanings, all other terms which are used in relation to one and being must vary in meaning with them; and so same, other and contrary must so vary, and so must have a separate meaning in accordance with each category. Things are called other in species (a) which belong to the same genus and are not subordinate one to the other; or (b) which are in the same genus and contain a differentia; or (c) which contain a contrariety in their essence. (d) Contraries, too (either all of them or those which are called so in a primary sense), are other in species than one another; and (e) so are all things of which the formulae are different in the final species of the genus (e.g., man and horse are generically indivisible, but their formulae are different); and (f) attributes of the same substance which contain a difference. The same in species has the opposite meanings to these.",
            "translator": "Hugh Tredennick, 1933-1935",
            "source_id": "perseus-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Le terme opposé s'applique : (a) à la contradiction ; (b) aux contraires ; (c) aux termes relatifs ; (d) à la privation ; (e) à l'état ; (f) aux extrêmes, par exemple dans le processus de génération et de destruction. Et (g) toutes les choses qui ne peuvent être présentes en même temps dans ce qui est susceptible de les recevoir toutes deux sont dites opposées, soit elles-mêmes, soit leurs constituants. Le gris et le blanc n'appartiennent pas en même temps à la même chose, et leurs constituants sont donc opposés.\n\nContraire signifie : (a) des attributs, différents par le genre, qui ne peuvent appartenir en même temps à la même chose. (b) Les attributs les plus différents dans le même genre ; ou (c) dans le même sujet ; ou (d) relevant de la même faculté. (e) Les choses dont la différence est la plus grande absolument, ou dans le genre, ou dans l'espèce.\n\nD'autres choses sont dites contraires soit parce qu'elles possèdent des attributs de cette sorte, soit parce qu'elles sont susceptibles de les recevoir, soit parce qu'elles les produisent ou sont susceptibles de les subir, soit parce qu'elles les produisent ou les subissent effectivement, soit parce qu'elles sont des rejets, des acquisitions, des possessions ou des privations de tels attributs.\n\nEt puisque l'un et l'être ont des significations diverses, tous les autres termes employés en relation avec l'un et l'être doivent varier de signification avec eux. Il en va donc ainsi du même, de l'autre et du contraire, qui doivent par conséquent avoir une signification distincte selon chaque catégorie.\n\nSont dites autres par l'espèce les choses (a) qui appartiennent au même genre et ne sont pas subordonnées l'une à l'autre ; ou (b) qui sont dans le même genre et contiennent une différence ; ou (c) qui contiennent une contrariété dans leur essence. (d) Les contraires également, soit tous, soit ceux qui sont ainsi appelés au sens premier, sont autres par l'espèce les uns que les autres. (e) Il en va de même de toutes les choses dont les formules sont différentes dans l'espèce dernière du genre. Par exemple, l'homme et le cheval sont indivisibles quant au genre, mais leurs formules sont différentes. (f) Il en va encore ainsi des attributs d'une même substance qui contiennent une différence. Les choses qui sont les mêmes par l'espèce ont les significations opposées à celles-ci.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-13",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "c9480e9c3f0fac48350ce30f81bafc8b7bff6d632f94da98334982993b411e24"
}