{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "aristotle.rhetoric",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/rhetoric/reference-1-2-19/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Rhetoric",
    "author": "Aristotle",
    "date": "4th century BCE; early core and later revisions disputed",
    "summary": "Rhetoric proceeds through distinctions, objections, and causal inquiry. The surviving text has the density of a school treatise, not a transcribed conversation.",
    "learning": "Separate argument, presented character, and elicited emotion, then ask which proof actually decides the case and which audience makes it persuasive.",
    "long_summary": "Canonical identity follows the CTS book and section. The critical Greek, historical English translation, and AI-generated French translation remain three aligned manifestations.\n\nAristotle distinguishes proofs drawn from argument, the speaker's character, and the audience's dispositions. The analysis explains how persuasion works; it does not make every effective persuasion just.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "4275727bdb19fb4497625bcf5c4544213b74cdb4076785401c722e0eb168b301",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "a88aaaafcfdac399c5cfc3162c2735567d7f3e7fa513eb06fc65227a0e45b5a1",
            "source_id": "perseus-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-20",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "ef1b31a0d70f615ee6f4e8bc30b43bf705a7b9cead3b00899c79059e0d3218ca",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "service",
            "label": "Service"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "aristotle.rhetoric"
    ],
    "passages": 882,
    "word_count": 64263,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 64263,
        "fr": 65390,
        "grc": 43447
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:aristotle.rhetoric:1.2.19",
    "canonical_ref": "1.2.19",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "παράδειγμα δὲ ὅτι μέν ἐστιν ἐπαγωγὴ καὶ περὶ ποῖα ἐπαγωγή, εἴρηται· ἔστι δὲ οὔτε ὡς μέρος πρὸς ὅλον οὔθʼ ὡς ὅλον πρὸς μέρος οὔθʼ ὡς ὅλον πρὸς ὅλον, ἀλλʼ ὡς μέρος πρὸς μέρος, ὅμοιον πρὸς ὅμοιον—ὅταν ἄμφω μὲν ᾖ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ γένος, γνωριμώτερον δὲ θάτερον ᾖ θατέρου, παράδειγμά ἐστιν· οἷον ὅτι ἐπεβούλευε τυραννίδι Διονύσιος αἰτῶν τὴν φυλακήν· καὶ γὰρ Πεισίστρατος πρότερον ἐπιβουλεύων ᾔτει φυλακὴν καὶ λαβὼν ἐτυράννησε, καὶ Θεαγένης ἐν Μεγάροις· καὶ ἄλλοι ὅσους ἴσασι, παράδειγμα πάντες γίγνονται τοῦ Διονυσίου, ὃν οὐκ ἴσασίν πω εἰ διὰ τοῦτο αἰτεῖ. πάντα δὲ ταῦτα ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ καθόλου, ὅτι ὁ ἐπιβουλεύων τυραννίδι φυλακὴν αἰτεῖ. ἐξ ὧν μὲν οὖν λέγονται αἱ δοκοῦσαι εἶναι πίστεις ἀποδεικτικαί, εἴρηται.",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc",
            "translation_type": "critical_original_language"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "We have said that example is a kind of induction and with what kind of material it deals by way of induction. It is neither the relation of part to whole, nor of whole to part, nor of one whole to another whole, but of part to part, of like to like, when both come under the same genus, but one of them is better known than the other. For example, to prove that Dionysius is aiming at a tyranny, because he asks for a bodyguard, one might say that Pisistratus before him and Theagenes of Megara did the same, and when they obtained what they asked for made themselves tyrants. All the other tyrants known may serve as an example of Dionysius, whose reason, however, for asking for a bodyguard we do not yet know. All these examples are contained under the same universal proposition, that one who is aiming at a tyranny asks for a bodyguard. We have now stated the materials of proofs which are thought to be demonstrative.",
            "translator": "J. H. Freese, 1926",
            "source_id": "perseus-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Nous avons dit que l’exemple est une sorte d’induction et indiqué sur quelle sorte de matière porte cette induction. Il ne consiste ni dans le rapport de la partie au tout, ni dans celui du tout à la partie, ni dans celui d’un tout à un autre tout, mais dans celui de la partie à la partie, du semblable au semblable, lorsque les deux relèvent du même genre, mais que l’un est mieux connu que l’autre. Par exemple, pour prouver que Denys aspire à la tyrannie parce qu’il demande une garde personnelle, on pourrait dire que Pisistrate avant lui et Théagène de Mégare firent la même chose et que, lorsqu’ils obtinrent ce qu’ils demandaient, ils se firent tyrans. Tous les autres tyrans connus peuvent servir d’exemple à propos de Denys, dont nous ne connaissons cependant pas encore la raison pour laquelle il demande une garde personnelle. Tous ces exemples sont compris sous la même proposition universelle : celui qui aspire à la tyrannie demande une garde personnelle. Nous avons maintenant indiqué les matériaux des preuves tenues pour démonstratives.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-13",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "5b0cf1c62607aa59ae6ac30d1aed24c568c4b3a13ce973b61e14e8fdb02d5f37"
}