{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "aristotle.rhetoric",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/rhetoric/reference-1-7-31/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Rhetoric",
    "author": "Aristotle",
    "date": "4th century BCE; early core and later revisions disputed",
    "summary": "Rhetoric proceeds through distinctions, objections, and causal inquiry. The surviving text has the density of a school treatise, not a transcribed conversation.",
    "learning": "Separate argument, presented character, and elicited emotion, then ask which proof actually decides the case and which audience makes it persuasive.",
    "long_summary": "Canonical identity follows the CTS book and section. The critical Greek, historical English translation, and AI-generated French translation remain three aligned manifestations.\n\nAristotle distinguishes proofs drawn from argument, the speaker's character, and the audience's dispositions. The analysis explains how persuasion works; it does not make every effective persuasion just.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "4275727bdb19fb4497625bcf5c4544213b74cdb4076785401c722e0eb168b301",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "complete_aligned_treatise",
            "sha256": "a88aaaafcfdac399c5cfc3162c2735567d7f3e7fa513eb06fc65227a0e45b5a1",
            "source_id": "perseus-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-20",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 882,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "ef1b31a0d70f615ee6f4e8bc30b43bf705a7b9cead3b00899c79059e0d3218ca",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "human_wisdom",
            "label": "Human wisdom"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice_and_care",
            "label": "Justice and care for the vulnerable"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "aristotle.rhetoric"
    ],
    "passages": 882,
    "word_count": 64263,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 64263,
        "fr": 65390,
        "grc": 43447
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "book-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:aristotle.rhetoric:1.7.31",
    "canonical_ref": "1.7.31",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "καὶ τὰ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων ἢ φαινομένων μεγάλων μείζω. καὶ διαιρούμενα δὲ εἰς τὰ μέρη τὰ αὐτὰ μείζω φαίνεται. πλεῖον γὰρ ὑπερέχειν φαίνεται, ὅθεν καὶ ὁ ποιητής φησι πεῖσαι τὸν Μελέαγρον ἀναστῆναι ὅσσα κάκʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέλει τῶν ἄστυ ἁλώῃ· λαοὶ μὲν φθινύθουσι, πόλιν δέ τε πῦρ ἀμαθύνει, τέκνα δέ τʼ ἄλλοι ἄγουσιν. Hom. Il. 9.592-594 καὶ τὸ συντιθέναι δὲ καὶ ἐποικοδομεῖν, ὥσπερ Ἐπίχαρμος, διά τε τὸ αὐτὸ τῇ διαιρέσει (ἡ γὰρ σύνθεσις ὑπεροχὴν δείκνυσι πολλήν) καὶ ὅτι ἀρχὴ φαίνεται μεγάλων καὶ αἴτιον.",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc",
            "translation_type": "critical_original_language"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "And those things which are greater than what is acknowledged, or appears, to be great, are greater. And the same whole when divided into parts appears greater, for there appears to be superiority in a greater number of things. Whence the poet says that Meleager was persuaded to rise up and fight by the recital of All the ills that befall those whose city is taken; the people perish, and fire utterly destroys the city, and strangers carry off the children. Combination and building up, as employed by Epicharmus, produce the same effect as division, and for the same reason; for combination is an exhibition of great superiority and appears to be the origin and cause of great things.",
            "translator": "J. H. Freese, 1926",
            "source_id": "perseus-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Et les choses qui sont plus grandes que ce qui est reconnu ou paraît être grand sont plus grandes. Et un même tout, lorsqu’il est divisé en parties, paraît plus grand, car il semble alors manifester une supériorité dans un plus grand nombre de choses. De là vient que le poète dit que Méléagre fut persuadé de se lever et de combattre par le récit de « tous les maux qui frappent ceux dont la ville est prise : le peuple périt, le feu détruit entièrement la cité, et les étrangers emmènent les enfants ». La combinaison et l’accumulation, telles qu’Épicharme les emploie, produisent le même effet que la division, et pour la même raison. Car la combinaison est la manifestation d’une grande supériorité et paraît être l’origine et la cause de grandes choses.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-13",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "105e40dc8e567b7ab1120fb94f663e1fa29fcc95180485fee554c9232e13160f"
}