{ "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1", "id": "aristotle.rhetoric", "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/aristotle/rhetoric/reference-2-6-18/", "language": "en", "title": "Rhetoric", "author": "Aristotle", "date": "4th century BCE; early core and later revisions disputed", "summary": "Rhetoric proceeds through distinctions, objections, and causal inquiry. The surviving text has the density of a school treatise, not a transcribed conversation.", "learning": "Separate argument, presented character, and elicited emotion, then ask which proof actually decides the case and which audience makes it persuasive.", "long_summary": "Canonical identity follows the CTS book and section. The critical Greek, historical English translation, and AI-generated French translation remain three aligned manifestations.\n\nAristotle distinguishes proofs drawn from argument, the speaker's character, and the audience's dispositions. The analysis explains how persuasion works; it does not make every effective persuasion just.", "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.", "material_world_label": "World of 1989", "material_world": { "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.", "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.", "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.", "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.", "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.", "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.", "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes." }, "material_world_scenes": [ { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp", "title": "Technology, science, and care", "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp", "title": "Travel and communication", "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp", "title": "Farming and food", "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp", "title": "Clothing, women and men", "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes." } ], "intellectual_tradition": { "id": "greek-roman-traditions", "label": "Greek and Roman traditions" }, "period": { "id": "ancient", "label": "Antiquity" }, "languages": [ "grc", "en", "fr" ], "manifestations": [ { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/grc.ndjson", "language": "grc", "records": 882, "role": "complete_aligned_treatise", "sha256": "4275727bdb19fb4497625bcf5c4544213b74cdb4076785401c722e0eb168b301", "source_id": "perseus-grc" }, { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/en.ndjson", "language": "en", "records": 882, "role": "complete_aligned_treatise", "sha256": "a88aaaafcfdac399c5cfc3162c2735567d7f3e7fa513eb06fc65227a0e45b5a1", "source_id": "perseus-en" }, { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/aristotle/rhetoric/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson", "generated_on": "2026-09-20", "language": "fr", "model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "official_status": "non_official", "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1", "provider": "codex_subscription", "records": 882, "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official", "sha256": "ef1b31a0d70f615ee6f4e8bc30b43bf705a7b9cead3b00899c79059e0d3218ca", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation" } ], "concepts": [ { "id": "anger", "label": "Anger" }, { "id": "care_of_soul", "label": "Care of the soul" }, { "id": "fear", "label": "Fear" }, { "id": "justice", "label": "Justice" }, { "id": "philosophical_eros", "label": "Philosophical eros" }, { "id": "reason", "label": "Reason" }, { "id": "rhetoric", "label": "Rhetoric" } ], "source_work_ids": [ "aristotle.rhetoric" ], "passages": 882, "word_count": 64263, "word_counts_by_language": { "en": 64263, "fr": 65390, "grc": 43447 }, "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1", "structure": { "citation_scheme": "book-section-v1", "kind": "native", "levels": [ { "key": "book", "label_fr": "Livre", "label_en": "Book" }, { "key": "section", "label_fr": "Section", "label_en": "Section" } ], "leaf_fr": "Section", "leaf_en": "Section" }, "canonical_passage_id": "passage:aristotle.rhetoric:2.6.18", "canonical_ref": "2.6.18", "canonical_parent_ref": null, "canonical_parent_id": null, "representations": [ { "language": "grc", "text": "καὶ τὰ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς καὶ τὰ ἐν φανερῷ μᾶλλον (ὅθεν καὶ ἡ παροιμία τὸ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς εἶναι αἰδῶ)· διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς ἀεὶ παρεσομένους μᾶλλον αἰσχύνονται καὶ τοὺς προσέχοντας αὐτοῖς, διὰ τὸ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἀμφότερα.", "source_id": "perseus-grc", "translation_type": "critical_original_language" }, { "language": "en", "text": "They are also more ashamed of things that are done before their eyes and in broad daylight; whence the proverb, The eyes are the abode of shame. That is why they feel more ashamed before those who are likely to be always with them or who keep watch upon them, because in both cases they are under the eyes of others.", "translator": "J. H. Freese, 1926", "source_id": "perseus-en", "translation_type": "historical_translation" }, { "language": "fr", "text": "Ils ont également davantage honte des choses qui se font sous leurs yeux et au grand jour, d’où le proverbe : « Les yeux sont la demeure de la honte. » C’est pourquoi ils éprouvent davantage de honte devant ceux qui seront probablement toujours avec eux ou qui les surveillent, car, dans les deux cas, ils sont sous les yeux d’autrui.", "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol", "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-13", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation", "official_status": "non_official", "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol" } ], "content_checksum": "082c4c800d31abeea3f044a6a6b39a4153767c8e307a93d6014453e74358b1e5" }