{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-work-v1",
    "id": "cicero.academica",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/academica/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Academica",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "45 BCE",
    "summary": "In the surviving fragments of the Academica, Cicero stages the conflict between dogmatic certainty and sceptical inquiry. He asks what criterion can identify a true impression and how action remains possible when secure knowledge is disputed.",
    "learning": "Distinguish Academic scepticism from dogmatism, understand the problem of a criterion of truth, and trace the practical role of probability.",
    "long_summary": "The dialogue reconstructs changes within the Academy and confronts Hellenistic theories of knowledge. Assent, probability, and the cognitive impression become terms in a dispute that concerns conduct as much as logic.\n\nIts fragmentary state and Cicero’s revisions prevent the work from being read as an intact treatise. Its method lets opposing positions speak before defending the freedom to examine what appears most persuasive.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/academica/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 69,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "2bf12e3d5dc8b3f46b3603e4312e535585af8fdb12766478031ca143ec81c20e",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-academica-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/academica/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 69,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "7a4315cce622dc1b61e5865481de42b173a73cdd0756f55ed0039d0c313ba3bf",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/academica/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 69,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "665b57917685f1c070f8be3c0e54ed869cbd1c810b572a0b2c4111576bbbb813",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_15/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "134d7cf368d98d0e1753bc37973e8af70be7cb9994245eb8374c6bf5bbedf7f2",
            "source_id": "wikisource-academica"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_15/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "d576b8e41b64a00c62b9271d5b2ff93fec71eb91260307f7c84db0b993813328",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_09/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "2e3a2bc9d6c356e05947f4f0f1e899b74da94006ab827ab9e66e6b0989c5e746",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-academica"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_09/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "09faf00f42c06b742000de3265c3fb85035cadbdeb0bcf2e1855d41739a4cff8",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "academic_skepticism",
            "label": "Academic skepticism",
            "count": 71
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge",
            "count": 71
        },
        {
            "id": "probable_judgment",
            "label": "Probable judgment",
            "count": 71
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason",
            "count": 22
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul",
            "count": 18
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin",
            "count": 18
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature",
            "count": 16
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law",
            "count": 10
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom",
            "count": 10
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family",
            "count": 9
        },
        {
            "id": "prayer",
            "label": "Prayer",
            "count": 8
        },
        {
            "id": "mindfulness",
            "label": "Mindfulness",
            "count": 8
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.academica",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_15",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_09"
    ],
    "passages": 69,
    "word_count": 215055,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 215055,
        "fr": 204406,
        "lat": 4889
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "content_checksum": "60fe28de6849986ff306cbaa49d9c1f2dfe3af62b672a09dc573c8c3510c131e"
}