{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.brutus",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/brutus/reference-327/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Brutus, or On Eminent Orators",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Cicero traces the history of Roman eloquence through the speakers who shaped it. The dialogue combines criticism, portraiture, and an anxious reflection on public speech at a moment when the Republic is losing its freedom.",
    "learning": "Recognize Roman standards of eloquence, follow a literary history built through comparison, and connect the crisis of oratory with that of the Republic.",
    "long_summary": "Judgements about style, memory, voice, and training compose a genealogy of the Roman orator. Cicero places predecessors, rivals, and his own career within a tradition where political effectiveness cannot be separated from verbal art.\n\nDialogue turns the catalogue into a debate about standards of excellence. Beneath literary history lies a political question: what becomes of eloquence when civic deliberation gives way to personal force?",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "ee71cf092bf7b4bff9e46b7d84d6d2233817ecb912ad213af5bf241a11fbbe92",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "8273f16d3d1e9896fae36ef528dbf46e23081f777fc1b5c7f96f453183ed3a65",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "5625ffe6dd7b642e68fb9982cbdec944e9a8c498a57343af12202fb552c74f4e",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "5c767b8bf95b137c1fcd813a2b283ab9d989380448c26e233af7880ad9ccbc00",
            "source_id": "wikisource-brutus"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f51092b8e14be274c829c1f91c5bf7f4025816790b4824ac1284a3a6c7ddc07a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "9591f6c2cf7d48f20d5149c9a1e7edea50340ef0a68899a5c3f236f8740f2120",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-brutus-orator"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "9b59e0884b88d843749319ba93298bc74c0a88f7eba798a11c99cbff1b94bdf5",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "education",
            "label": "Education"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "kataleptic_impression",
            "label": "Cognitive impression"
        },
        {
            "id": "prayer",
            "label": "Prayer"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.brutus",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_27",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_11"
    ],
    "passages": 334,
    "word_count": 79995,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 79995,
        "fr": 75431,
        "lat": 25099
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.brutus:327",
    "canonical_ref": "327",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "[Erat excellens iudicio vulgi et facile primas tenebat adulescens . Etsi enim genus illud dicendi auctoritatis habebat parum, tamen aptum esse aetati videbatur.] Et certe, quod et ingeni quaedam forma elucebat et exercitatio perfecta verborum astricta comprehensione, summam hominum admirationem excitabat. Sed cum iam honores et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem nec decebat idem; quodque exercitationem studiumque dimiserat, quod in eo fuerat acerrimum, concinnitas illa crebritasque sententiarum pristina manebat, sed ea vestitu illo orationis quo consuerat ornata non erat. Hoc tibi ille, Brute, minus fortasse placuit quam placuisset, si ilium flagrantem studio et florentem facultate audire potuisses.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "[He was outstanding in the judgment of the people and easily held first place as a young man. Although that style of speaking possessed little authority, it nevertheless seemed suited to his age.] And certainly, because a certain form of talent shone forth and his perfect training appeared in his tightly constructed phrasing, he aroused the greatest admiration among men. But when public honors and the authority of advancing age demanded something weightier, he remained the same, and the same no longer suited him. Because he had abandoned the practice and zeal that had once been extremely keen in him, his former symmetry and abundance of thoughts remained, but they were no longer adorned in the clothing of speech that he had customarily worn. For this reason, Brutus, he perhaps pleased you less than he would have pleased you had you been able to hear him burning with zeal and flourishing in ability.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "[Il excellait au jugement du public et, dans sa jeunesse, tenait aisément le premier rang. Bien que ce genre d’éloquence eût peu d’autorité, il paraissait adapté à son âge.] Comme une certaine forme de talent brillait en lui et que son exercice était parfait dans la période étroitement construite, il suscitait assurément l’admiration suprême des hommes. Mais quand les honneurs et cette autorité de l’âge mûr exigèrent quelque chose de plus grave, il resta le même et cette identité ne lui convenait plus. Comme il avait abandonné l’exercice et l’étude, autrefois si ardents chez lui, l’ancienne harmonie et l’abondance de ses pensées demeuraient, mais elles n’étaient plus ornées de ce vêtement oratoire qui leur était habituel. Voilà peut-être, Brutus, pourquoi il t’a moins plu qu’il ne l’aurait fait si tu avais pu l’entendre brûlant d’application et dans la fleur de ses moyens.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "4e303a429e8cd3d82b38afb5d95d5c4afeec44ff03c72dee25701af8477f5a61"
}