{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.brutus",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/brutus/reference-331/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Brutus, or On Eminent Orators",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Cicero traces the history of Roman eloquence through the speakers who shaped it. The dialogue combines criticism, portraiture, and an anxious reflection on public speech at a moment when the Republic is losing its freedom.",
    "learning": "Recognize Roman standards of eloquence, follow a literary history built through comparison, and connect the crisis of oratory with that of the Republic.",
    "long_summary": "Judgements about style, memory, voice, and training compose a genealogy of the Roman orator. Cicero places predecessors, rivals, and his own career within a tradition where political effectiveness cannot be separated from verbal art.\n\nDialogue turns the catalogue into a debate about standards of excellence. Beneath literary history lies a political question: what becomes of eloquence when civic deliberation gives way to personal force?",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "ee71cf092bf7b4bff9e46b7d84d6d2233817ecb912ad213af5bf241a11fbbe92",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "8273f16d3d1e9896fae36ef528dbf46e23081f777fc1b5c7f96f453183ed3a65",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "5625ffe6dd7b642e68fb9982cbdec944e9a8c498a57343af12202fb552c74f4e",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "5c767b8bf95b137c1fcd813a2b283ab9d989380448c26e233af7880ad9ccbc00",
            "source_id": "wikisource-brutus"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f51092b8e14be274c829c1f91c5bf7f4025816790b4824ac1284a3a6c7ddc07a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "9591f6c2cf7d48f20d5149c9a1e7edea50340ef0a68899a5c3f236f8740f2120",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-brutus-orator"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "9b59e0884b88d843749319ba93298bc74c0a88f7eba798a11c99cbff1b94bdf5",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "education",
            "label": "Education"
        },
        {
            "id": "fortune",
            "label": "Fortune"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.brutus",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_27",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_11"
    ],
    "passages": 334,
    "word_count": 79995,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 79995,
        "fr": 75431,
        "lat": 25099
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.brutus:331",
    "canonical_ref": "331",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "sed in te intuens, Brute, doleo, cuius in adulescentiam per medias laudes quasi quadrigis vehentem transversa incurrit misera fortuna rei publicae. Hic me dolor tangit , haec cura sollicitat et hunc mecum socium eiusdem et amoris et iudici. Tibi favemus, te tua frui virtute cupimus, tibi optamus eam rem publicam in qua duorum generum amplissimorum renovare memoriam atque auger possis. Tuum enim forum, tuum erat illud curriculum, tu illuc veneras unus, qui non linguam modo acuisses exercitatione dicendi sed et ipsam eloquentiam locupletavisses graviorum artium instrumento et isdem artibus decus omne virtutis cum summa eloquentiae laude iunxisses.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "But when I look at you, Brutus, I grieve that the republic’s wretched fortune crossed the path of your youth as you rode, as though in a four-horse chariot, amid the very heart of glory. This pain touches me, this care troubles both me and this companion who shares my affection and judgment. We favor you, we wish you to enjoy your virtue, and we desire for you a republic in which you may renew and increase the memory of two most illustrious families. The forum was yours, that racecourse was yours, and you had come there as the one man who had not merely sharpened his tongue by practicing speech but enriched eloquence itself with the equipment of the weightier arts, and through those same arts joined every distinction of virtue with the highest praise of eloquence.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "« Mais en te regardant, Brutus, j’éprouve de la douleur. Dans ta jeunesse, alors que tu t’avançais pour ainsi dire sur un quadrige au milieu de la gloire, le malheureux destin de l’État a soudain traversé ta route. Cette douleur me touche, ce souci me tourmente, et notre ami ici présent partage avec moi le même amour et le même jugement. Nous te sommes favorables, nous voulons que tu jouisses de ta vertu, nous souhaitons pour toi un État où tu puisses renouveler et accroître le souvenir de deux familles très illustres. Le forum était à toi, cette carrière était à toi. Tu étais venu seul en ce lieu après avoir non seulement aiguisé ta langue par l’exercice oratoire, mais enrichi l’éloquence elle-même des instruments fournis par les disciplines les plus graves, et uni, grâce aux mêmes arts, tout l’éclat de la vertu à la plus haute gloire de l’éloquence. »",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "923e2de83be532061ff703c12cc135ac5a4672c62770f1cc0f3e0989df24c46b"
}