{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.brutus",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/brutus/reference-78/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Brutus, or On Eminent Orators",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Cicero traces the history of Roman eloquence through the speakers who shaped it. The dialogue combines criticism, portraiture, and an anxious reflection on public speech at a moment when the Republic is losing its freedom.",
    "learning": "Recognize Roman standards of eloquence, follow a literary history built through comparison, and connect the crisis of oratory with that of the Republic.",
    "long_summary": "Judgements about style, memory, voice, and training compose a genealogy of the Roman orator. Cicero places predecessors, rivals, and his own career within a tradition where political effectiveness cannot be separated from verbal art.\n\nDialogue turns the catalogue into a debate about standards of excellence. Beneath literary history lies a political question: what becomes of eloquence when civic deliberation gives way to personal force?",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "ee71cf092bf7b4bff9e46b7d84d6d2233817ecb912ad213af5bf241a11fbbe92",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "8273f16d3d1e9896fae36ef528dbf46e23081f777fc1b5c7f96f453183ed3a65",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/brutus/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 334,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "5625ffe6dd7b642e68fb9982cbdec944e9a8c498a57343af12202fb552c74f4e",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "5c767b8bf95b137c1fcd813a2b283ab9d989380448c26e233af7880ad9ccbc00",
            "source_id": "wikisource-brutus"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_27/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
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            "source_id": "gutenberg-brutus-orator"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_11/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
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            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death"
        },
        {
            "id": "education",
            "label": "Education"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
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        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_27",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_11"
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    "passages": 334,
    "word_count": 79995,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 79995,
        "fr": 75431,
        "lat": 25099
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.brutus:78",
    "canonical_ref": "78",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "numeroque eodem fuit Sex. Aelius, iuris quidem civilis omnium peritissumus, sed etiam ad dicendum paratus. De minoribus autem C. Sulpicius Gallus, qui maxime omnium nobilium Graecis litteris studuit; isque et oratorum in numero est habitus et fuit reliquis rebus ornatus atque elegans. Iam enim erat unctior quaedam splendidiorque consuetudo loquendi. Nam hoc praetore ludos Apollini faciente cum Thyesten fabulam docuisset, Q. Marcio Cn. Servilio consulibus mortem obiit Ennius.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-brutus-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "\"Of the same generation was Sextus Aelius, the most expert of all in civil law, yet also prepared to speak. Among the younger men was Gaius Sulpicius Gallus, who devoted himself to Greek literature more than any other noble. He was counted among the orators and was cultivated and elegant in other respects. A richer and more brilliant manner of speaking was now emerging. For when Gallus was praetor and holding games for Apollo, Ennius produced his play Thyestes; Ennius died when Quintus Marcius and Gnaeus Servilius were consuls.\"",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "«À la même génération appartenait Sex. Aelius, le plus savant de tous en droit civil, mais également prêt à parler. Parmi les plus jeunes, C. Sulpicius Gallus s'appliqua plus que tout autre noble aux lettres grecques; il fut compté parmi les orateurs et se distingua dans les autres domaines par sa culture et son élégance. Une manière de parler plus riche et plus brillante existait déjà. En effet, sous sa préture, alors qu'il célébrait les jeux d'Apollon et que la pièce Thyeste avait été représentée, Ennius mourut, sous le consulat de Q. Marcius et de Cn. Servilius.»",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
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}