{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-work-v1",
    "id": "cicero.de_divinatione",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-divinatione/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On Divination",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44 BCE",
    "summary": "Cicero stages a debate about omens, dreams, and divinatory practices. His brother Quintus defends their validity, after which Cicero tests the evidence through arguments about rational inquiry, chance, and religious authority.",
    "learning": "Distinguish the favourable case from its rebuttal, test evidence drawn from omens or dreams, and examine how criticism coexists with civic religion.",
    "long_summary": "The first book accumulates historical examples and Stoic arguments for a providence that communicates through signs. The second revisits those categories to ask whether coincidence, retrospective stories, and flexible interpretation can establish knowledge of the future.\n\nIts two-sided form prevents every claim from being treated as the author’s final position. Intellectual criticism coexists with a civic concern not to abolish rites structuring the Roman community.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 284,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "cc9bff832f1d5a349981c6b8857cd0094f8e3c3a802048f0dd138f65dc529cef",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_divinatione-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 284,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "fdda27e1b704e3c17c1ee7746a384149979ae76193b939e343d20dd82d489b03",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_01/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
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            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de-divinatione-en-carrier"
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_01/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "academic_skepticism",
            "label": "Academic skepticism",
            "count": 285
        },
        {
            "id": "probable_judgment",
            "label": "Probable judgment",
            "count": 285
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason",
            "count": 285
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin",
            "count": 107
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature",
            "count": 77
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul",
            "count": 57
        },
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death",
            "count": 40
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family",
            "count": 40
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger",
            "count": 36
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships",
            "count": 29
        },
        {
            "id": "mindfulness",
            "label": "Mindfulness",
            "count": 24
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment",
            "count": 20
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
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        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_01"
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    "passages": 284,
    "word_count": 46076,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 46076,
        "fr": 44835,
        "lat": 28377
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "content_checksum": "c65d95f1825e364caf2280fef96dd8261bca5f7f6606f9f53e4e26d169333f36"
}