{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.de_divinatione",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-divinatione/livre-1/passage-60/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On Divination",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44 BCE",
    "summary": "Cicero stages a debate about omens, dreams, and divinatory practices. His brother Quintus defends their validity, after which Cicero tests the evidence through arguments about rational inquiry, chance, and religious authority.",
    "learning": "Distinguish the favourable case from its rebuttal, test evidence drawn from omens or dreams, and examine how criticism coexists with civic religion.",
    "long_summary": "The first book accumulates historical examples and Stoic arguments for a providence that communicates through signs. The second revisits those categories to ask whether coincidence, retrospective stories, and flexible interpretation can establish knowledge of the future.\n\nIts two-sided form prevents every claim from being treated as the author’s final position. Intellectual criticism coexists with a civic concern not to abolish rites structuring the Roman community.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 284,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "cc9bff832f1d5a349981c6b8857cd0094f8e3c3a802048f0dd138f65dc529cef",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_divinatione-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 284,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "fdda27e1b704e3c17c1ee7746a384149979ae76193b939e343d20dd82d489b03",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_divinatione/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 284,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "bae294313458c74231801a7f5f65324834bfbf14c1eba15c519abf20522a8cf3",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_01/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "5cf348b8580b13603797f02a33b258b147cc2636d36b79535f8e002b644f49db",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de-divinatione-en-carrier"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_01/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "e7687d51b9c3093069338d4110b50c92abe1218c278305dfd49eefafa8cab979",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "academic_skepticism",
            "label": "Academic skepticism"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "probable_judgment",
            "label": "Probable judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "tranquillity",
            "label": "Tranquillity"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.de_divinatione",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_01"
    ],
    "passages": 284,
    "word_count": 46076,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 46076,
        "fr": 44835,
        "lat": 28377
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.de_divinatione:1.60",
    "canonical_ref": "1.60",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "At multa falsa. Immo obscura fortasse nobis. Sed sint falsa quaedam; contra vera quid dicimus? Quae quidem multo plura evenirent, si ad quietem integri iremus. Nunc onusti cibo et vino perturbata et confusa cernimus. Vide, quid Socrates in Platonis Politia loquatur. Dicit enim: “Cum dormientibus ea pars animi, quae mentis et rationis sit particeps, sopita langueat, illa autem, in qua feritas quaedam sit atque agrestis inmanitas, cum sit inmoderato obstupefacta potu atque pastu, exsultare eam in somno inmoderateque iactari. Itaque huic omnia visa obiciuntur a mente ac ratione vacua, ut aut cum matre corpus miscere videatur aut cum quovis alio vel homine vel deo, saepe belua, atque etiam trucidare aliquem et impie cruentari multaque facere inpure atque taetre cum temeritate et inpudentia.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-de_divinatione-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_divinatione-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "“But many dreams are false.” Rather, perhaps they are obscure to us. Yet grant that some are false. What do we say in reply to the true ones? They would occur far more often if we went to sleep in an unburdened state. As it is, weighed down by food and wine, we behold disturbed and confused visions. Consider what Socrates says in Plato's Republic: “When we sleep, the part of the soul that participates in mind and reason lies dormant and languid, while the part containing a certain savagery and brutish ferocity, stupefied by excessive drink and food, exults in sleep and tosses about without restraint. Thus, because it is empty of mind and reason, every kind of vision is presented to it: it may seem to have intercourse with its mother or with any other human being or god, often with a beast; to slaughter someone and be impiously stained with blood; and to commit many foul and hideous acts with rashness and shamelessness.”",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Mais beaucoup de songes sont faux. Disons plutôt qu’ils sont peut-être obscurs pour nous. Admettons que certains soient faux. Que répondons-nous à ceux qui sont vrais ? Ils seraient bien plus nombreux si nous allions dormir dans un état de pureté. Maintenant, alourdis par la nourriture et le vin, nous voyons des images troublées et confuses. Écoute ce que dit Socrate dans la République de Platon : « Chez les dormeurs, la partie de l’âme qui participe de l’intelligence et de la raison est assoupie et languissante. Mais celle où résident une certaine férocité et une sauvagerie brutale, engourdie par l’excès de boisson et de nourriture, bondit dans le sommeil et s’agite sans mesure. Alors, dépourvue d’intelligence et de raison, elle se voit présenter toutes sortes de visions : elle croit s’unir charnellement à sa mère ou à n’importe quel autre être, homme, dieu, et souvent bête ; elle croit même tuer quelqu’un, se couvrir de sang avec impiété et commettre beaucoup d’actes impurs et hideux avec témérité et impudence. »",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
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}