{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.de_officiis",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-officiis/livre-2/passage-27/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On Duties",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44 BCE",
    "summary": "Addressed to his son Marcus, the treatise examines what honour demands, what advantage recommends, and why their conflict is only apparent when utility is rightly understood. Cicero translates Greek ethics into Roman responsibilities.",
    "learning": "Distinguish the honourable from apparent advantage, analyze a conflict of duties, and follow the Roman adaptation of Greek ethical categories.",
    "long_summary": "The books examine sources of duty, kinds of advantage, and cases where profit, loyalty, justice, or reputation seem to conflict. Historical examples and concrete dilemmas give doctrine a political, familial, and economic field.\n\nThe pedagogical argument maintains that injustice never becomes truly advantageous. That normative coherence is tested by the republican crisis in which Cicero writes and by the accommodations his own examples force readers to discuss.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_officiis/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 371,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "152f5ab1fdb501eff96a6ff71926b439519845eaa9aeb26a4121225c4437b77e",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_officiis-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_officiis/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 371,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "79d44f4cad50a9eb664d194a70c66e22d5dfe0befc9fec3e4c5880421363c2a2",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_officiis/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
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            "records": 371,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_25/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "3a2bb729a88370b0a212b826eb3aea725d441e17d36d96f34109bfd0512cd7c3",
            "source_id": "wikisource-duties"
        },
        {
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_25/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
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        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_02/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
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            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_13/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
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            "sha256": "5e5fdb864998cf213fde9c9ff875888ff9ce3e4e2e638300af1259589d79fce8",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-de-officiis"
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_13/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "duty",
            "label": "Duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.de_officiis",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_25",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_02",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_13"
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    "passages": 371,
    "word_count": 114758,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 114758,
        "fr": 125786,
        "lat": 34252
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.de_officiis:2.27",
    "canonical_ref": "2.27",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "nostri autem magistratus imperatoresque ex hac una re maximam laudem capere studebant, si provincias, si socios aequitate et fide defendissent; itaque illud patrocinium orbis terrae verius quam imperium poterat nominari. Sensim hanc consuetudinem et disciplinam iam antea minuebamus, post vero Sullae victoriam penitus amisimus; desitum est enim videri quicquam in socios iniquum, cum exstitisset in cives tanta crudelitas. Ergo in illo secuta est honestam causam non honesta victoria; est enim ausus dicere, hasta posita cum bona in foro venderet et bonorum virorum et locupletium et certe civium, praedam se suam vendere. Secutus est, qui in causa impia, victoria etiam foediore non singulorum civium bona publicaret, sed universas provincias regionesque uno calamitatis iure comprehenderet.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-de_officiis-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_officiis-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "and our magistrates and commanders sought to gain their highest praise from this alone, that they had defended the provinces and allies with equity and good faith. Thus our rule could more truthfully be called the guardianship of the world than its dominion. We had already been gradually diminishing this custom and discipline, but after Sulla’s victory we lost it completely. For nothing done unjustly against the allies ceased to seem permissible once such cruelty had arisen against citizens. In his case, then, a dishonorable victory followed an honorable cause. When he had planted the auction spear and was selling in the forum the property of good and wealthy men, who were certainly citizens, he dared to say that he was selling his own spoils. He was followed by a man who, in an impious cause and with an even fouler victory, did not confiscate the property of individual citizens but embraced entire provinces and regions under a single law of calamity.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Nos magistrats et nos généraux s’efforçaient surtout d’obtenir la plus grande gloire en défendant les provinces et les alliés avec équité et loyauté. On pouvait donc parler plus justement de protectorat du monde que d’empire. Déjà auparavant, nous affaiblissions peu à peu cette coutume et cette discipline; après la victoire de Sylla, nous les avons entièrement perdues. Rien ne parut plus injuste envers les alliés dès lors qu’une telle cruauté s’était élevée contre les citoyens. Chez Sylla, une cause honorable fut donc suivie d’une victoire qui ne l’était pas. Après avoir planté la lance sur le forum et mis en vente les biens d’hommes de bien, de riches et, surtout, de citoyens, il osa dire qu’il vendait son propre butin. Puis vint un homme dont la cause était impie et la victoire plus hideuse encore. Il ne confisqua pas seulement les biens de citoyens particuliers, mais enveloppa des provinces et des régions entières sous une même loi de calamité.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
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}