{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.de_republica",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-republica/livre-2/passage-53/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On the Republic",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "c. 54-51 BCE",
    "summary": "Around Scipio Aemilianus, the dialogue examines justice, forms of government, and the mixed constitution. Cicero confronts the ideal statesman with Rome’s historical fragility, culminating in the cosmic vision of Scipio’s Dream.",
    "learning": "Distinguish regimes and their corruptions, understand the mixed constitution, and connect political justice, Roman history, and cosmic perspective.",
    "long_summary": "The interlocutors compare monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, their corruptions, and their combination in Roman institutions. Political community depends on agreement about right, making justice constitutive rather than decorative.\n\nThe text survives incompletely and combines historical analysis, philosophical dialogue, and visionary narrative. Praise of the Roman constitution does not erase awareness of its crisis; the heavenly reward of the public servant finally changes the scale of power.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "c74c2ce2113aa4f22423bcb3892e7d0f7d2bab1192a2bf84d038584764423265",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "fcc6a9cbc540abfaae9b1f4b7b67216d15d31e7a29cb240514bf44203dfcad35",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "50b85a06f010c4b070f36fe401ff43f27892b05f090a0657611d5a52fb54cb4f",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_26/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "e294c6e2b3248a77b2dedf2942749fb8c8824b4aefcfd3c302ef931eff6858fb",
            "source_id": "wikisource-republic"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_26/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "242717b4eaca5720cd205fb756cf7b36b4ff01f61b6113becb53c92ab30a7f3a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.de_republica",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_26"
    ],
    "passages": 251,
    "word_count": 30060,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 30060,
        "fr": 31662,
        "lat": 22403
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.de_republica:2.53",
    "canonical_ref": "2.53",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "lex illa tota sublata est. Hac mente tum nostri maiores et Conlatinum innocentem suspicione cognationis expulerunt et reliquos Tarquinios offensione nominis; eademque mente P. Valerius et fasces primus demitti iussit, cum dicere in contione coepisset, et aedis suas detulit sub Veliam, posteaquam, quod in excelsiore loco Veliae coepisset aedificare eo ipso, ubi rex Tullus habitaverat, suspicionem populi sensit moveri; idemque, in quo fuit Publicola maxime, legem ad populum tulit eam, quae centuriatis comitiis prima lata est, ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve verberaret.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "...that entire law was abolished. In this frame of mind our ancestors then expelled the innocent Collatinus because his kinship aroused suspicion, and the remaining Tarquins because their name caused offense. In the same spirit Publius Valerius was the first to order the fasces lowered when he began to speak before the assembly, and moved his house below the Velia after perceiving that the people had grown suspicious because he had begun building on a higher part of the Velia, at the very place where King Tullus had lived. The same man, showing especially why he was called Publicola, proposed to the people the first law passed by the centuriate assembly, forbidding any magistrate to kill or scourge a Roman citizen contrary to his right of appeal.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "… toute cette loi fut abolie. C’est dans cet esprit que nos ancêtres chassèrent alors Collatin, pourtant innocent, parce que sa parenté le rendait suspect, et les autres Tarquins, parce que leur nom inspirait de l’aversion. Dans le même esprit, Publius Valerius ordonna le premier que les faisceaux fussent abaissés lorsqu’il commençait à parler devant l’assemblée. Il fit aussi transporter sa maison au-dessous de la Vélia, après avoir compris qu’il éveillait les soupçons du peuple en ayant commencé à bâtir sur le point le plus élevé de cette colline, à l’endroit même où avait habité le roi Tullus. Le même homme, qui mérita surtout par là le nom de Publicola, proposa au peuple la première loi votée dans les comices centuriates, interdisant à tout magistrat de mettre à mort ou de faire battre un citoyen romain malgré son appel au peuple.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "fbbfa247d3ec6c69720be7bf1c994d83af9cc8a5fe70ac59a86366abbd4a90f7"
}