{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.de_republica",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/de-republica/livre-3/passage-39/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On the Republic",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "c. 54-51 BCE",
    "summary": "Around Scipio Aemilianus, the dialogue examines justice, forms of government, and the mixed constitution. Cicero confronts the ideal statesman with Rome’s historical fragility, culminating in the cosmic vision of Scipio’s Dream.",
    "learning": "Distinguish regimes and their corruptions, understand the mixed constitution, and connect political justice, Roman history, and cosmic perspective.",
    "long_summary": "The interlocutors compare monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, their corruptions, and their combination in Roman institutions. Political community depends on agreement about right, making justice constitutive rather than decorative.\n\nThe text survives incompletely and combines historical analysis, philosophical dialogue, and visionary narrative. Praise of the Roman constitution does not erase awareness of its crisis; the heavenly reward of the public servant finally changes the scale of power.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "c74c2ce2113aa4f22423bcb3892e7d0f7d2bab1192a2bf84d038584764423265",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "fcc6a9cbc540abfaae9b1f4b7b67216d15d31e7a29cb240514bf44203dfcad35",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/de_republica/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 251,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "50b85a06f010c4b070f36fe401ff43f27892b05f090a0657611d5a52fb54cb4f",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_26/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "e294c6e2b3248a77b2dedf2942749fb8c8824b4aefcfd3c302ef931eff6858fb",
            "source_id": "wikisource-republic"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_fr_26/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "242717b4eaca5720cd205fb756cf7b36b4ff01f61b6113becb53c92ab30a7f3a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.de_republica",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_fr_26"
    ],
    "passages": 251,
    "word_count": 30060,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 30060,
        "fr": 31662,
        "lat": 22403
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.de_republica:3.39",
    "canonical_ref": "3.39",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "Prisc. GL 2.399K in quibus adsentior sollicitam et periculosam iustitiam non esse sapientis.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-de_republica-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "[Priscian, Latin Grammar 2.399 K] ...in which I agree that an anxious and dangerous justice is not characteristic of the wise man.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Priscien, Grammaire latine 2.399 K. … cas dans lesquels je conviens qu’une justice inquiète et dangereuse n’appartient pas au sage.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "d900b0f5c20daf3ba5e29ece6c2b61d5def85d782161099cce6e83951daef2c2"
}