{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.lucullus",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/lucullus/reference-91/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Lucullus, Book Two of the Academica",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "45 BCE",
    "summary": "The Lucullus pits a defence of certain knowledge against Cicero’s sceptical reply. At the centre stands the cognitive impression: can it bear a mark that guarantees truth and therefore warrants assent?",
    "learning": "Reconstruct both positions on assent, distinguish doubt from inability to act, and assess the function of probability in sceptical inquiry.",
    "long_summary": "Lucullus presents the position inherited from Antiochus, according to which action and learning collapse without reliable perceptions. Cicero answers with perceptual errors, philosophical disagreement, and the possibility of governing conduct by what appears probable.\n\nThe debate is not a simple denial of all knowledge. It tests the claim to possess an infallible criterion and asks what degree of commitment suits a fallible mind. The strength of both cases keeps the question open.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/lucullus/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 148,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "1550a58030654bd47d5f216cfd470d26c1f6be52f020998b817fb29647e2b6f4",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-lucullus-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/lucullus/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 148,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "b438f35e2c2d2cb939bd014e37b3c7fbd8d5b631c454101a26ebb4af3c5f1e9e",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/lucullus/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 148,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "1a5de7338cc12c579511fb54abf68fb320a548a4d75e213ea4a19c56772bceb3",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "academic_skepticism",
            "label": "Academic skepticism"
        },
        {
            "id": "dialectic",
            "label": "Dialectic"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "mindfulness",
            "label": "Mindfulness"
        },
        {
            "id": "probable_judgment",
            "label": "Probable judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.lucullus"
    ],
    "passages": 148,
    "word_count": 25042,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 25042,
        "fr": 24713,
        "lat": 17995
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.lucullus:91",
    "canonical_ref": "91",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "Sed abeo a sensibus; quid est quod ratione percipi possit? dialecticam inventam esse dicitis veri et falsi quasi disceptatricem et iudicem. cuius veri et falsi, et in qua re? in geometriane quid sit verum aut falsum dialecticus iudicabit an in litteris an in musicis? at ea non novit. in philosophia igitur: sol quantus sit quid ad ilium? quod sit summum bonum quid habet ut queat iudicare? quid igitur iudicabit? quae coniunctio quae diiunctio vera sit, quid ambigue dictum sit, quid sequatur quamque rem quid repugnet: si haec et horum similia iudicat, de se ipsa iudicat; plus autem pollicebatur. nam haec quidem iudicare ad ceteras res, quae sunt in philosophia multae atque magnae, non est satis.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-lucullus-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-lucullus-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "But I leave the senses. What can be perceived by reason? You say that dialectic was invented as the arbiter and judge, so to speak, of truth and falsehood. Of what truth and falsehood, and in what field? Will the dialectician judge what is true or false in geometry, literature, or music? But he does not know those subjects. In philosophy, then? What concern of his is the size of the sun? What means has he to judge what the highest good is? What, then, will he judge? Which conjunction or disjunction is true, what has been stated ambiguously, what follows from each proposition, and what conflicts with it. If he judges these and similar matters, he judges only about himself. But he promised more. For judging these things is not sufficient for the many great matters that belong to the rest of philosophy.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Mais je quitte les sens. Qu'est-ce qui peut être perçu par la raison ? Vous dites que la dialectique a été inventée comme arbitre et juge du vrai et du faux. De quel vrai et de quel faux, et dans quel domaine ? Le dialecticien jugera-t-il ce qui est vrai ou faux en géométrie, en littérature ou en musique ? Mais il ne connaît pas ces disciplines. Ce sera donc en philosophie. Quelle compétence a-t-il pour juger de la grandeur du Soleil ? Quel moyen possède-t-il pour décider quel est le souverain bien ? Que jugera-t-il donc ? Quelle conjonction ou quelle disjonction est vraie, quelle expression est ambiguë, ce qui suit de chaque chose et ce qui lui répugne. S'il juge ces questions et leurs semblables, il juge de lui-même. Or il promettait davantage, car savoir juger ces points ne suffit pas pour les autres questions, nombreuses et importantes, qui relèvent de la philosophie.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "ffac677662ae287e8ed1a03e52f784ddbc539bbec5994804c4cd1034da80a329"
}