{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.orator",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/orator/reference-202/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Orator",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Addressed to Brutus, Orator defines an eloquence able to adapt style, rhythm, and emotion to each case. Cicero defends variety against making a single austere manner the absolute rule.",
    "learning": "Recognize the three functions of speech, analyze how style fits subject, and place the theory within controversy over Atticism.",
    "long_summary": "The treatise distinguishes levels of style and gives the orator three tasks: to prove, delight, and move. It pays special attention to prose rhythm, register, and the ability to move from plain precision to passionate amplitude.\n\nThe ideal speaker remains a regulative construction no example fully realizes. Cicero also responds to contemporary disputes about Atticism, so aesthetic theory becomes a reasoned defence of his own practice.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "db51a09f7e3c57672a84fac62dd533b93b6e705cf6e186c154bd2c33d607736f",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "2d6f12e57252cb764a22fda608a3eea0b06ead6a3ada582934d6606fd5f0d87a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "003badbbea721f69ad365d5fd12c1f0d695b7eef0a088453232ff8200f9f6317",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_eros",
            "label": "Philosophical eros"
        },
        {
            "id": "prayer",
            "label": "Prayer"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.orator"
    ],
    "passages": 238,
    "word_count": 24828,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 24828,
        "fr": 25733,
        "lat": 18499
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.orator:202",
    "canonical_ref": "202",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "sed in utroque frequentiores sunt et liberiores poetae; nam et transferunt verba cum crebrius tum etiam audacius et priscis libentius utuntur et liberius novis. Quod idem fit in numeris, in quibus quasi necessitati parere coguntur. Sed tamen haec nec nimis esse diversa neque nullo modo coniuncta intellegi licet. Ita fit ut non item in oratione ut in versu numerus exstet idque quod numerosum in oratione dicitur non semper numero fiat, sed non numquam aut concinnitate aut constructione verborum.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "In both respects poets are more frequent and freer. They employ metaphorical words both more often and more boldly, use archaic ones more willingly, and enjoy greater freedom with new coinages. The same is true of rhythms, in which they are compelled to obey something like necessity. Yet one may understand that prose and poetry are neither excessively different nor wholly unconnected. Hence rhythm is not equally conspicuous in prose and verse, and what is called rhythmic in prose is not always produced by rhythm, but sometimes by symmetry or by the construction of words.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Mais, dans les deux domaines, les poètes sont plus prodigues et plus libres : ils emploient les métaphores plus souvent et avec plus d’audace, recourent plus volontiers aux mots anciens et plus librement aux mots nouveaux. Il en va de même pour les rythmes, auxquels ils sont comme contraints d’obéir. On peut toutefois comprendre que prose et poésie ne sont ni trop différentes ni absolument sans lien. Ainsi, le rythme ne ressort pas de la même façon dans la prose que dans le vers, et ce que l’on appelle rythmé dans le discours n’est pas toujours produit par le rythme, mais parfois par l’harmonie ou la construction des mots.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "83fa0ea0a15fb784f96dfffc424a0275d979665f3564ac7e0225757408d951d6"
}