{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.orator",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/orator/reference-28/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Orator",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Addressed to Brutus, Orator defines an eloquence able to adapt style, rhythm, and emotion to each case. Cicero defends variety against making a single austere manner the absolute rule.",
    "learning": "Recognize the three functions of speech, analyze how style fits subject, and place the theory within controversy over Atticism.",
    "long_summary": "The treatise distinguishes levels of style and gives the orator three tasks: to prove, delight, and move. It pays special attention to prose rhythm, register, and the ability to move from plain precision to passionate amplitude.\n\nThe ideal speaker remains a regulative construction no example fully realizes. Cicero also responds to contemporary disputes about Atticism, so aesthetic theory becomes a reasoned defence of his own practice.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "db51a09f7e3c57672a84fac62dd533b93b6e705cf6e186c154bd2c33d607736f",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "2d6f12e57252cb764a22fda608a3eea0b06ead6a3ada582934d6606fd5f0d87a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "003badbbea721f69ad365d5fd12c1f0d695b7eef0a088453232ff8200f9f6317",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.orator"
    ],
    "passages": 238,
    "word_count": 24828,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 24828,
        "fr": 25733,
        "lat": 18499
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.orator:28",
    "canonical_ref": "28",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "ad Atticorum igitur auris teretes et religiosas qui se accommodant, ei sunt existimandi Attice dicere. Quorum genera plura sunt; hi unum modo quale sit suspicantur. Putant enim qui horride inculteque dicat, modo id eleganter enucleateque faciat, eum solum Attice dicere. Errant, quod solum; quod Attice, non falluntur.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Those who adapt themselves to the refined and scrupulous ears of the Attic people should therefore be considered speakers in the Attic manner. There are several kinds among them, but these critics suspect that there is only one. They think that whoever speaks roughly and without cultivation, provided he does so elegantly and lucidly, is the only one who speaks Attically. They err in saying he alone does so; in saying he does so, they are not mistaken.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Ceux qui s’adaptent aux oreilles raffinées et scrupuleuses des Attiques doivent donc être tenus pour des orateurs attiques. Il en existe plusieurs genres, mais ces gens n’en soupçonnent qu’un seul. Ils pensent que celui qui parle rudement et sans apprêt, pourvu qu’il le fasse avec élégance et netteté, est le seul à parler à l’attique. Ils se trompent lorsqu’ils disent qu’il est le seul; ils ne se trompent pas lorsqu’ils disent qu’il parle à l’attique.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "05976de5edb0d4fb3f8c88187692666141846be5c3994e1a1b3fd730544c889c"
}