{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.orator",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/orator/reference-37/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Orator",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Addressed to Brutus, Orator defines an eloquence able to adapt style, rhythm, and emotion to each case. Cicero defends variety against making a single austere manner the absolute rule.",
    "learning": "Recognize the three functions of speech, analyze how style fits subject, and place the theory within controversy over Atticism.",
    "long_summary": "The treatise distinguishes levels of style and gives the orator three tasks: to prove, delight, and move. It pays special attention to prose rhythm, register, and the ability to move from plain precision to passionate amplitude.\n\nThe ideal speaker remains a regulative construction no example fully realizes. Cicero also responds to contemporary disputes about Atticism, so aesthetic theory becomes a reasoned defence of his own practice.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "db51a09f7e3c57672a84fac62dd533b93b6e705cf6e186c154bd2c33d607736f",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "2d6f12e57252cb764a22fda608a3eea0b06ead6a3ada582934d6606fd5f0d87a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "003badbbea721f69ad365d5fd12c1f0d695b7eef0a088453232ff8200f9f6317",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms"
        },
        {
            "id": "prayer",
            "label": "Prayer"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.orator"
    ],
    "passages": 238,
    "word_count": 24828,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 24828,
        "fr": 25733,
        "lat": 18499
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.orator:37",
    "canonical_ref": "37",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "sed quoniam plura sunt orationum genera eaque diversa neque in unam formam cadunt omnia, laudationum scriptionum et historiarum et talium suasionum, qualem Isocrates fecit Panegyricum multique alii qui sunt nominati sophistae, reliquarumque scriptionum rerum formam, quae absunt a forensi contentione eiusque totius generis quod Graece ἐπιδεικτικὸν nominatur, quia quasi ad inspiciendum delectationis causa comparatum est, non complectar hoc tempore; non quo neglegenda sit; est enim illa quasi nutrix eius oratoris quem informare volumus et de quo molimur aliquid exquisitius dicere. ab hac et verborum copia alitur et eorum constructio et numerus liberiore quadam fruitur licentia.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "But since there are several diverse kinds of discourse and not all fall into a single form, I shall not at present embrace the style of panegyrics, written works, histories, and such exhortations as Isocrates composed in his Panegyric, or as many others called sophists composed, nor that of other writings removed from forensic contention and of the entire kind called ἐπιδεικτικόν in Greek, because it is prepared, as it were, for display and pleasure. I omit it not because it should be neglected. It is, in fact, like the nurse of the orator whom we wish to shape and about whom we are attempting to say something more exacting. From it his abundance of words is nourished, while his verbal structure and rhythm enjoy a somewhat freer license.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Mais puisque les genres de discours sont nombreux, différents et irréductibles à une forme unique, je n’embrasserai pas ici la forme des éloges, des ouvrages écrits, des récits historiques, des exhortations telles que le Panégyrique d’Isocrate et beaucoup d’autres œuvres composées par ceux qu’on appelle sophistes, ni celle des autres écrits étrangers aux luttes du forum et de tout le genre nommé en grec ἐπιδεικτικόν, parce qu’il semble destiné à être contemplé pour le plaisir. Ce n’est pas qu’il faille le négliger: il est comme la nourrice de l’orateur que nous voulons façonner et au sujet duquel nous tentons de dire quelque chose de plus approfondi. Il nourrit l’abondance des mots; leur construction et leur rythme y jouissent d’une liberté plus grande.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "df2d4672083bce8eade7dce29c5a3a007d900e8274cb5a4640d4a7c02c6bb3d6"
}