{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.orator",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/orator/reference-59/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Orator",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "46 BCE",
    "summary": "Addressed to Brutus, Orator defines an eloquence able to adapt style, rhythm, and emotion to each case. Cicero defends variety against making a single austere manner the absolute rule.",
    "learning": "Recognize the three functions of speech, analyze how style fits subject, and place the theory within controversy over Atticism.",
    "long_summary": "The treatise distinguishes levels of style and gives the orator three tasks: to prove, delight, and move. It pays special attention to prose rhythm, register, and the ability to move from plain precision to passionate amplitude.\n\nThe ideal speaker remains a regulative construction no example fully realizes. Cicero also responds to contemporary disputes about Atticism, so aesthetic theory becomes a reasoned defence of his own practice.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "db51a09f7e3c57672a84fac62dd533b93b6e705cf6e186c154bd2c33d607736f",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "2d6f12e57252cb764a22fda608a3eea0b06ead6a3ada582934d6606fd5f0d87a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/orator/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 238,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "003badbbea721f69ad365d5fd12c1f0d695b7eef0a088453232ff8200f9f6317",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.orator"
    ],
    "passages": 238,
    "word_count": 24828,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 24828,
        "fr": 25733,
        "lat": 18499
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.orator:59",
    "canonical_ref": "59",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "ac vocis quidem bonitas optanda est; non est enim in nobis, sed tractatio atque usus in nobis. Ergo ille princeps variabit et mutabit: omnis sonorum tum intendens tum remittens persequetur gradus. Idemque motu sic utetur, nihil ut supersit. In gestu status erectus et celsus; rarus incessus nec ita longus; excursio moderata eaque rara; nulla mollitia cervicum, nullae argutiae digitorum, non ad numerum articulus cadens; trunco magis toto se ipse moderans et virili laterum flexione , bracchii proiectione in contentionibus, contractione in remissis.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-orator-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "A good voice is certainly to be desired, for it is not within our power, but its management and use are within our power. The consummate speaker will therefore vary and alter his voice, traversing every gradation of sound by sometimes raising and sometimes lowering it. He will likewise use movement so that nothing is superfluous. In gesture his posture will be upright and lofty; his walking infrequent and not prolonged; his advance controlled and rare. There will be no softness of the neck, no clever play of the fingers, no joint beating time. He will govern himself more by the movement of his whole torso and a manly bending of the sides, extending his arm in passages of contention and drawing it back in calmer ones.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Il faut souhaiter une belle voix, car elle ne dépend pas de nous; mais sa conduite et son usage dépendent de nous. L’orateur souverain la variera donc et la modifiera: tantôt il tendra, tantôt il relâchera les sons et parcourra tous leurs degrés. Il emploiera également le mouvement sans aucun excès. Dans le geste, son maintien sera droit et élevé; ses pas rares et pas trop longs; ses déplacements modérés et peu fréquents; aucun amollissement du cou, aucune affectation des doigts, aucune articulation battant la mesure. Il se gouvernera plutôt par le mouvement de tout le torse, une flexion virile des flancs, la projection du bras dans les passages véhéments et son retrait dans les passages calmes.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "b9ad4073f86d572bf170d32523b981d6adfc86acf7436d7847b7812f44757d41"
}