{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.philippics",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/philippics/livre-2/passage-63/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Philippics",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44-43 BCE",
    "summary": "In the Philippics, Cicero attacks Mark Antony and tries to rally the Senate to resistance after Caesar’s death. The speeches combine invective, constitutional argument, and alliance-building in a Republic already under threat.",
    "learning": "Trace the development of an oratorical campaign, distinguish invective from institutional argument, and assess Cicero’s choices of alliance.",
    "long_summary": "Across the speeches Cicero constructs Antony as a public enemy, interprets Caesar’s acts, and negotiates the place of Octavian, the consuls, and the armies. Repeated accusations serve a political campaign whose situation changes quickly.\n\nEloquence intervenes directly in conflict and exposes its author. The dossier requires information, hostile portraiture, and strategic proposal to be distinguished, then the gap between proclaimed defence of liberty and alliances needed for survival to be measured.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "926b559adaa54b141948fc68ac63e703a521649c763622527f5f9a2522dd0fe3",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "3b68e98a8905f014f7a2422b8c71b0710709e3825971ef9694be7e768a211fd6",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f53a92c6473fccf05ffba8617603c64c4d71c8eeff247ed3c60bbe11abe50c10",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "1bb6d06478bd270f39fdd5fe7cdedc1546d97d0d177040e1ee1338a2454021cb",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-en-carrier"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "216b5ef1915a645953823a6140b92b2dc474505f92c61e672d07e0ee588bfc03",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.philippics",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_08"
    ],
    "passages": 544,
    "word_count": 100289,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 100289,
        "fr": 90663,
        "lat": 52574
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.philippics:2.63",
    "canonical_ref": "2.63",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "sed haec quae robustioris improbitatis sunt, omittamus: loquamur potius de nequissimo genere levitatis. tu istis faucibus, istis lateribus, ista gladiatoria totius corporis firmitate tantum vini in Hippiae nuptiis exhauseras ut tibi necesse esset in populi Romani conspectu vomere postridie. O rem non modo visu foedam sed etiam auditu! si inter cenam in ipsis tuis immanibus illis poculis hoc tibi accidisset, quis non turpe duceret ? in coetu vero populi Romani negotium publicum gerens , magister equitum, cui ructare turpe esset, is vomens frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus gremium suum et totum tribunal implevit. sed haec ipse fatetur esse in suis sordibus: veniamus ad splendida .",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "But let us omit these acts that belong to a more robust kind of wickedness. Let us speak instead of the vilest kind of frivolity. With that throat, those flanks, and that gladiatorial strength of your entire body, you had drained so much wine at Hippias's wedding that you were compelled to vomit the next day in the sight of the Roman people. O deed foul not merely to see but even to hear of! If this had happened during dinner, amid those enormous cups of yours, who would not have considered it shameful? But while conducting public business in an assembly of the Roman people, the master of the horse, for whom even belching would have been disgraceful, vomited and filled his lap and the entire tribunal with scraps of food reeking of wine. But he himself admits that these things belong among his squalid deeds. Let us come to the splendid ones.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Mais laissons ces actes qui relèvent d’une perversité plus robuste; parlons plutôt de l’espèce la plus ignoble de légèreté. Avec cette gorge, ces flancs et cette vigueur de gladiateur qui fortifie ton corps entier, tu avais absorbé aux noces d’Hippias tant de vin qu’il te fallut vomir le lendemain sous les yeux du peuple romain. Ô spectacle non seulement hideux à voir, mais même à entendre raconter! Si cela t’était arrivé au cours du dîner, parmi tes énormes coupes, qui ne l’aurait jugé honteux? Mais devant l’assemblée du peuple romain, dans l’exercice d’une fonction publique, le maître de la cavalerie, pour qui même roter eût été honteux, remplit en vomissant son giron et toute la tribune de morceaux de nourriture exhalant le vin. Mais cela, il reconnaît lui-même que cela appartient à ses bassesses. Venons-en à ses actions éclatantes.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "2da411e2a5af084f53d6800d8f9b9bef60078026cbfa0ba1505811e8a589325d"
}