{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.philippics",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/philippics/livre-3/passage-16/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Philippics",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44-43 BCE",
    "summary": "In the Philippics, Cicero attacks Mark Antony and tries to rally the Senate to resistance after Caesar’s death. The speeches combine invective, constitutional argument, and alliance-building in a Republic already under threat.",
    "learning": "Trace the development of an oratorical campaign, distinguish invective from institutional argument, and assess Cicero’s choices of alliance.",
    "long_summary": "Across the speeches Cicero constructs Antony as a public enemy, interprets Caesar’s acts, and negotiates the place of Octavian, the consuls, and the armies. Repeated accusations serve a political campaign whose situation changes quickly.\n\nEloquence intervenes directly in conflict and exposes its author. The dossier requires information, hostile portraiture, and strategic proposal to be distinguished, then the gap between proclaimed defence of liberty and alliances needed for survival to be measured.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "926b559adaa54b141948fc68ac63e703a521649c763622527f5f9a2522dd0fe3",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "3b68e98a8905f014f7a2422b8c71b0710709e3825971ef9694be7e768a211fd6",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f53a92c6473fccf05ffba8617603c64c4d71c8eeff247ed3c60bbe11abe50c10",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "1bb6d06478bd270f39fdd5fe7cdedc1546d97d0d177040e1ee1338a2454021cb",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-en-carrier"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "216b5ef1915a645953823a6140b92b2dc474505f92c61e672d07e0ee588bfc03",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.philippics",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_08"
    ],
    "passages": 544,
    "word_count": 100289,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 100289,
        "fr": 90663,
        "lat": 52574
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.philippics:3.16",
    "canonical_ref": "3.16",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "hinc Voconiae, hinc Atiniae leges; hinc multae sellae curules et patrum memoria et nostra; hinc equites Romani lautissimi et plurimi . sed si Aricinam uxorem non probas, cur probas Tusculanam? quamquam huius sanctissimae feminae atque optimae pater, M. Atius Balbus, in primis honestus, praetorius fuit: tuae coniugis, bonae feminae, locupletis quidem certe, Bambalio quidam pater, homo nullo numero. nihil illo contemptius qui propter haesitantiam linguae stuporemque cordis cognomen ex contumelia traxerit . at avus nobilis. Tuditanus nempe ille qui cum palla et cothurnis nummos populo de rostris spargere solebat . vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset! habetis nobilitatem generis gloriosam.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "From Aricia came the Voconian and Atinian laws; from there came many curule chairs, both in our fathers' memory and our own; from there came very many of the wealthiest Roman knights. But if you disapprove of a wife from Aricia, why do you approve of one from Tusculum? The father of Caesar's most virtuous and excellent mother, Marcus Atius Balbus, was among the most honorable men and had held the praetorship. The father of your wife, a good woman and certainly wealthy, was a certain Bambalio, a man of no account. Nothing was more contemptible than he, who acquired an insulting nickname because of his stammering tongue and dull mind. But, you say, her grandfather was noble. Yes, that Tuditanus who used to scatter coins from the Rostra among the people while wearing a woman's robe and tragic boots. I wish he had left such contempt for money to his descendants! There you have the glorious nobility of the family.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "De là vinrent les lois Voconiennes et Atiniennes; de là, du temps de nos pères comme du nôtre, de nombreuses chaises curules; de là, des chevaliers romains très nombreux et fort distingués. Mais si tu désapprouves une épouse d’Aricie, pourquoi en approuves-tu une de Tusculum? Le père de cette femme si vertueuse et si excellente, M. Atius Balbus, comptait parmi les hommes les plus honorables et avait été préteur. Le père de ton épouse, femme de bien et certainement riche, était un certain Bambalion, homme qui ne comptait absolument pas. Rien de plus méprisable que cet individu, dont l’hésitation de la langue et l’engourdissement de l’esprit firent d’une insulte un surnom. Mais son grand-père était noble. C’était, bien entendu, ce Tuditanus qui, vêtu d’un manteau de femme et chaussé de cothurnes, avait coutume de jeter des pièces de monnaie au peuple depuis les Rostres. J’aurais voulu qu’il laissât ce mépris de l’argent à ses descendants! Voilà la glorieuse noblesse de votre lignée.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "5b3cd6880b19f429ee557d077cf923762a6aa6e8b6626a75964d6a809fb6b34e"
}