{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "cicero.philippics",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/cicero/philippics/livre-4/passage-4/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Philippics",
    "author": "Cicero",
    "date": "44-43 BCE",
    "summary": "In the Philippics, Cicero attacks Mark Antony and tries to rally the Senate to resistance after Caesar’s death. The speeches combine invective, constitutional argument, and alliance-building in a Republic already under threat.",
    "learning": "Trace the development of an oratorical campaign, distinguish invective from institutional argument, and assess Cicero’s choices of alliance.",
    "long_summary": "Across the speeches Cicero constructs Antony as a public enemy, interprets Caesar’s acts, and negotiates the place of Octavian, the consuls, and the armies. Repeated accusations serve a political campaign whose situation changes quickly.\n\nEloquence intervenes directly in conflict and exposes its author. The dossier requires information, hostile portraiture, and strategic proposal to be distinguished, then the gap between proclaimed defence of liberty and alliances needed for survival to be measured.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "greek-roman-traditions",
        "label": "Greek and Roman traditions"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "926b559adaa54b141948fc68ac63e703a521649c763622527f5f9a2522dd0fe3",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "3b68e98a8905f014f7a2422b8c71b0710709e3825971ef9694be7e768a211fd6",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/philippics/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 544,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f53a92c6473fccf05ffba8617603c64c4d71c8eeff247ed3c60bbe11abe50c10",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "1bb6d06478bd270f39fdd5fe7cdedc1546d97d0d177040e1ee1338a2454021cb",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-en-carrier"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/cicero/translation_carrier_en_08/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "216b5ef1915a645953823a6140b92b2dc474505f92c61e672d07e0ee588bfc03",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "civic_duty",
            "label": "Civic duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "rhetoric",
            "label": "Rhetoric"
        },
        {
            "id": "salvation",
            "label": "Salvation"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "cicero.philippics",
        "cicero.translation_carrier_en_08"
    ],
    "passages": 544,
    "word_count": 100289,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 100289,
        "fr": 90663,
        "lat": 52574
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "cicero-work-hierarchy-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "hierarchical_ref",
                "label_fr": "Division",
                "label_en": "Division"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:cicero.philippics:4.4",
    "canonical_ref": "4.4",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "lat",
            "text": "quis est enim qui hoc non intellegat, nisi Caesar exercitum paravisset, non sine exitio nostro futurum Antoni reditum fuisse? ita enim se recipiebat ardens odio vestri, cruentus sanguine civium Romanorum quos Suessae, quos Brundisi occiderat ut nihil nisi de pernicie populi Romani cogitaret . quod autem praesidium erat salutis libertatisque vestrae, si C. Caesaris fortissimorum sui patris militum exercitus non fuisset? cuius de laudibus et honoribus qui ei pro divinis et immortalibus meritis divini immortalesque debentur mihi senatus adsensus paulo ante decrevit ut primo quoque tempore referretur.",
            "edition": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "source_id": "perseus-cicero-philippics-lat",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Who does not understand that, if Caesar had not raised an army, Antony's return would have brought our destruction? He was returning ablaze with hatred of you, stained with the blood of Roman citizens whom he had killed at Suessa and Brundisium, thinking of nothing but the ruin of the Roman people. What defense would your safety and liberty have possessed if there had been no army of Gaius Caesar, composed of his father's bravest soldiers? Concerning the praises and honors owed him for his divine and immortal services, themselves divine and immortal, the Senate, agreeing with me, decreed a little earlier that the matter should be referred at the earliest opportunity.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Qui ne comprend, en effet, que si César n’avait pas préparé une armée, le retour d’Antoine aurait entraîné notre perte? Il revenait brûlant de haine contre vous, couvert du sang des citoyens romains qu’il avait tués à Suessa et à Brindes, au point de ne songer qu’à la destruction du peuple romain. Quel rempart restait-il pour votre salut et votre liberté, sans l’armée de C. César, composée des très courageux soldats de son père? Quant aux éloges et aux honneurs divins et immortels qui lui sont dus pour des services divins et immortels, le Sénat, sur ma proposition, a décidé tout à l’heure que la question lui en serait soumise le plus tôt possible.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "92010a501cbc67bc5584d0ce8da98411ffabb27ed698482dda705071cb21de0e"
}