{
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    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/principle-selected-papers/reference-section-0011/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "The Principle of Relativity: Selected Papers by Einstein",
    "author": "Albert Einstein",
    "date": "selected papers, 1905-1916",
    "summary": "This editorial selection gathers papers in which Einstein formulates decisive stages of relativity. It allows scientific arguments to be followed in published form while remaining a section of an anthology rather than a book he composed.",
    "learning": "Read a scientific paper within its chronology, distinguish technical demonstration from popular exposition, and preserve each text’s identity inside the anthology.",
    "long_summary": "The papers address the electrodynamics of moving bodies, the inertia of energy, and developments connected with gravitation. Definitions, derivations, and experimental consequences show a theory under construction at a technical level unlike popular expositions.\n\nThe volume title belongs to a collective carrier. Only items identified as Einstein’s papers are attributed to him, and editorial proximity does not create a single authored work. Chronology and provenance remain essential for each piece.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of the world wars, 1914-1945",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare.",
        "science": "Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized.",
        "medicine": "X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access.",
        "transport": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly.",
        "agriculture": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies.",
        "communication": "Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks.",
        "clothing": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare. Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized. X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly. Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "science",
        "label": "Science and scientific thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "contemporary",
        "label": "Contemporary era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/einstein/principle_selected_papers/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 63,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
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            "language": "fr",
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            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "equivalence_principle",
            "label": "Equivalence principle"
        },
        {
            "id": "invariance",
            "label": "Physical invariance"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "relativity_principle",
            "label": "Principle of relativity"
        },
        {
            "id": "space_time",
            "label": "Space-time"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
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    "source_work_ids": [
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    "passages": 63,
    "word_count": 21584,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 21584,
        "fr": 21127
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:einstein.principle_selected_papers:section-0011",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0011",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "From this, the following peculiar consequence follows. Suppose at two points A and B of the stationary system two clocks are given which are synchronous in the sense explained in § 3 when viewed from the stationary system. Suppose the clock at A to be set in motion in the line joining it with B, then after the arrival of the clock at B, they will no longer be found synchronous, but the clock which was set in motion from A will lag behind the clock which had been all along at B by an amount ½ t ( v² / c² ), where t is the time required for the journey. We see forthwith that the result holds also when the clock moves from A to B by a polygonal line, and also when A and B coincide. If we assume that the result obtained for a polygonal line holds also for a curved line, we obtain the following law. If at A, there be two synchronous clocks, and if we set in motion one of them with a constant velocity along a closed curve till it comes back to A, the journey being completed in t -seconds, then after arrival, the last mentioned clock will be behind the stationary one by ½ t ( v² / c² ) seconds. From this, we conclude that a clock placed at the equator must be slower by a very small amount than a similarly constructed clock which is placed at the pole, all other conditions being identical. Let a point move in the system k (which moves with velocity v along the x -axis of the system K) according to the equation It is required to find out the motion of the point relative to the system K. If we now introduce the system of equations in § 3 in the equation of motion of the point, we obtain The law of parallelogram of velocities hold up to the first order of approximation. We can put i.e. , α is put equal to the angle between the velocities v , and w . Then we have— It should be noticed that v and w enter into the expression for velocity symmetrically. If w has the direction of the ξ-axis of the moving system, From this equation, we see that by combining two velocities, each of which is smaller than c , we obtain a velocity which is always smaller than c . If we put v = c - χ, and w = c - λ, where χ and λ are each smaller than c , [8]",
            "translator": "M. N. Saha and S. N. Bose",
            "source_id": "principle_selected_papers",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Il en résulte la conséquence singulière suivante. Supposons qu’en deux points A et B du système stationnaire se trouvent deux horloges synchrones au sens expliqué au § 3, lorsqu’elles sont considérées depuis le système stationnaire. Supposons que l’horloge en A soit mise en mouvement suivant la droite qui la relie à B; après son arrivée en B, elles ne seront plus trouvées synchrones, mais l’horloge mise en mouvement depuis A retardera sur celle qui est demeurée en B d’une quantité ½t(v²/c²), où t est le temps requis par le trajet. Nous voyons immédiatement que le résultat vaut également lorsque l’horloge va de A à B en suivant une ligne polygonale, ainsi que lorsque A et B coïncident. Si nous supposons que le résultat obtenu pour une ligne polygonale vaut également pour une ligne courbe, nous obtenons la loi suivante. S’il y a en A deux horloges synchrones, et si nous mettons l’une d’elles en mouvement à vitesse constante le long d’une courbe fermée jusqu’à son retour en A, le trajet étant accompli en t secondes, alors, après son arrivée, cette dernière horloge retardera sur l’horloge stationnaire de ½t(v²/c²) seconde. Nous en concluons qu’une horloge placée à l’équateur doit être très légèrement plus lente qu’une horloge de construction semblable placée au pôle, toutes les autres conditions étant identiques. Qu’un point se déplace dans le système k, lequel se déplace avec la vitesse v le long de l’axe x du système K, conformément à l’équation Il faut déterminer le mouvement du point par rapport au système K. Si nous introduisons maintenant dans l’équation du mouvement du point le système d’équations du § 3, nous obtenons La loi du parallélogramme des vitesses vaut jusqu’au premier ordre d’approximation. Nous pouvons poser c’est-à-dire que α est égal à l’angle entre les vitesses v et w. Nous avons alors Il faut remarquer que v et w entrent symétriquement dans l’expression de la vitesse. Si w a la direction de l’axe ξ du système en mouvement, Cette équation nous montre qu’en composant deux vitesses dont chacune est inférieure à c, nous obtenons une vitesse qui reste toujours inférieure à c. Si nous posons v = c - χ et w = c - λ, où χ et λ sont chacun inférieurs à c, [8]",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
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