{
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    "id": "einstein.principle_selected_papers",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/einstein/principle-selected-papers/reference-section-0060/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "The Principle of Relativity: Selected Papers by Einstein",
    "author": "Albert Einstein",
    "date": "selected papers, 1905-1916",
    "summary": "This editorial selection gathers papers in which Einstein formulates decisive stages of relativity. It allows scientific arguments to be followed in published form while remaining a section of an anthology rather than a book he composed.",
    "learning": "Read a scientific paper within its chronology, distinguish technical demonstration from popular exposition, and preserve each text’s identity inside the anthology.",
    "long_summary": "The papers address the electrodynamics of moving bodies, the inertia of energy, and developments connected with gravitation. Definitions, derivations, and experimental consequences show a theory under construction at a technical level unlike popular expositions.\n\nThe volume title belongs to a collective carrier. Only items identified as Einstein’s papers are attributed to him, and editorial proximity does not create a single authored work. Chronology and provenance remain essential for each piece.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of the world wars, 1914-1945",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare.",
        "science": "Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized.",
        "medicine": "X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access.",
        "transport": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly.",
        "agriculture": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies.",
        "communication": "Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks.",
        "clothing": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare. Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized. X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly. Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "science",
        "label": "Science and scientific thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "contemporary",
        "label": "Contemporary era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/einstein/principle_selected_papers/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 63,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
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            "source_id": "principle_selected_papers"
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/einstein/principle_selected_papers/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 63,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f56d8bd8dbdc1205ff6eeea542485e465b6b4cc16ea264d2876c24a168554921",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "equivalence_principle",
            "label": "Equivalence principle"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "invariance",
            "label": "Physical invariance"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "relativity_principle",
            "label": "Principle of relativity"
        },
        {
            "id": "space_time",
            "label": "Space-time"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "einstein.principle_selected_papers"
    ],
    "passages": 63,
    "word_count": 21584,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 21584,
        "fr": 21127
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:einstein.principle_selected_papers:section-0060",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0060",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "We can assume that this approximation should lead to Newton’s theory. For it however, it is necessary to treat the fundamental equations from another point of view. Let us consider the motion of a particle according to the equation (46). In the case of the special relativity theory, the components can take any values. This signifies that any velocity can appear which is less than the velocity of light in vacuum ( v < 1). If we finally limit ourselves to the consideration of the case when v is small compared to the velocity of light, it signifies that the components can be treated as small quantities, whereas dx₄ / ds is equal to 1, up to the second-order magnitudes (the second point of view for approximation). Now we see that, according to the first view of approximation, the magnitudes γ μν τ ’s are all small quantities of at least the first order. A glance at (46) will also show, that in this equation according to the second view of approximation, we are only to take into account those terms for which μ = ν = 4. By limiting ourselves only to terms of the lowest order we get instead of (46), first, the equations:— or by limiting ourselves only to those terms which according to the first stand-point are approximations of the first order, If we further assume that the gravitation-field is quasi-static, i.e. , it is limited only to the case when the matter producing the gravitation-field is moving slowly (relative to the velocity of light) we can neglect the differentiations of the positional co-ordinates on the right-hand side with respect to time, so that we get This is the equation of motion of a material point according to Newton’s theory, where g ₄₄/₂ plays the part of gravitational potential. The remarkable thing in the result is that in the first-approximation of motion of the material point, only the component g₄₄ of the fundamental tensor appears.",
            "translator": "M. N. Saha and S. N. Bose",
            "source_id": "principle_selected_papers",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Nous pouvons supposer que cette approximation doit conduire à la théorie de Newton. À cette fin, il est toutefois nécessaire de considérer les équations fondamentales d’un autre point de vue. Considérons le mouvement d’une particule suivant l’équation (46). Dans le cas de la théorie de la relativité restreinte, les composantes peuvent prendre des valeurs quelconques. Cela signifie que toute vitesse inférieure à la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide peut se présenter (v < 1). Si nous nous limitons enfin au cas où v est petite par rapport à la vitesse de la lumière, cela signifie que les composantes peuvent être traitées comme de petites quantités, tandis que dx₄/ds est égal à 1 aux grandeurs du deuxième ordre près (deuxième point de vue de l’approximation). Nous voyons maintenant que, suivant le premier point de vue de l’approximation, les grandeurs γ μν τ sont toutes de petites quantités du premier ordre au moins. Un regard sur (46) montrera également que, dans cette équation, suivant le deuxième point de vue de l’approximation, nous ne devons tenir compte que des termes pour lesquels μ = ν = 4. En nous limitant aux seuls termes de l’ordre le plus bas, nous obtenons d’abord, à la place de (46), les équations suivantes : ou, en nous limitant aux seuls termes qui, selon le premier point de vue, sont des approximations du premier ordre. Si nous supposons en outre que le champ de gravitation est quasi statique, c’est-à-dire si nous nous limitons au cas où la matière produisant le champ de gravitation se déplace lentement relativement à la vitesse de la lumière, nous pouvons négliger, dans le membre de droite, les différentiations des coordonnées de position par rapport au temps, de sorte que nous obtenons. Telle est l’équation du mouvement d’un point matériel suivant la théorie de Newton, où g₄₄/2 joue le rôle du potentiel gravitationnel. Le fait remarquable de ce résultat est que, dans la première approximation du mouvement du point matériel, seule apparaît la composante g₄₄ du tenseur fondamental.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
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}