{
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    "language": "en",
    "title": "The Principle of Relativity: Selected Papers by Einstein",
    "author": "Albert Einstein",
    "date": "selected papers, 1905-1916",
    "summary": "This editorial selection gathers papers in which Einstein formulates decisive stages of relativity. It allows scientific arguments to be followed in published form while remaining a section of an anthology rather than a book he composed.",
    "learning": "Read a scientific paper within its chronology, distinguish technical demonstration from popular exposition, and preserve each text’s identity inside the anthology.",
    "long_summary": "The papers address the electrodynamics of moving bodies, the inertia of energy, and developments connected with gravitation. Definitions, derivations, and experimental consequences show a theory under construction at a technical level unlike popular expositions.\n\nThe volume title belongs to a collective carrier. Only items identified as Einstein’s papers are attributed to him, and editorial proximity does not create a single authored work. Chronology and provenance remain essential for each piece.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of the world wars, 1914-1945",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare.",
        "science": "Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized.",
        "medicine": "X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access.",
        "transport": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly.",
        "agriculture": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies.",
        "communication": "Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks.",
        "clothing": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Electricity, internal combustion, steel, aviation, radio, cinema, and mass production transform civilian life and warfare. Relativity, quantum physics, chemistry, psychology, and genetics reshape knowledge within powerful institutions that are sometimes militarized. X-rays, surgery, transfusion, antisepsis, and early antibiotics save more lives without universal access."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Rail, cars, trams, ocean liners, and aircraft coexist. Armies mechanize mobility rapidly. Telephone, telegraph, radio, newsreels, and newspapers reach mass audiences; propaganda and censorship use the same networks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Tractors, fertilizers, and breeding advance; rationing, blockade, and requisition expose fragile supplies."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/26-1939-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Suits, shorter dresses, coats, and hats coexist with uniforms and workwear. Shortages simplify cuts and materials."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "science",
        "label": "Science and scientific thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "contemporary",
        "label": "Contemporary era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
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            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/einstein/principle_selected_papers/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 63,
            "role": "complete_source_selection",
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/einstein/principle_selected_papers/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
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            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 63,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "f56d8bd8dbdc1205ff6eeea542485e465b6b4cc16ea264d2876c24a168554921",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "equivalence_principle",
            "label": "Equivalence principle"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "invariance",
            "label": "Physical invariance"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "relativity_principle",
            "label": "Principle of relativity"
        },
        {
            "id": "space_time",
            "label": "Space-time"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
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    "passages": 63,
    "word_count": 21584,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
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        "fr": 21127
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    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
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        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
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    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:einstein.principle_selected_papers:section-0063",
    "canonical_ref": "section-0063",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
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            "language": "en",
            "text": "Let us find out the curvature which a light-ray suffers when it goes by a mass M at a distance Δ from it. If we use the co-ordinate system according to the above scheme, then the total bending B of light-rays (reckoned positive when it is concave to the origin) is given as a sufficient approximation by A ray of light just grazing the sun would suffer a bending of 1·7″, whereas one coming by Jupiter would have a deviation of about ·02″. If we calculate the gravitation-field to a greater order of approximation and with it the corresponding path of a material particle of a relatively small (infinitesimal) mass we get a deviation of the following kind from the Kepler-Newtonian Laws of Planetary motion. The Ellipse of Planetary motion suffers a slow rotation in the direction of motion, of amount In this Formula ‘ a ’ signifies the semi-major axis, c , the velocity of light, measured in the usual way, e , the eccentricity, τ, the time of revolution in seconds. The calculation gives for the planet Mercury, a rotation of path of amount 43″ per century, corresponding sufficiently to what has been found by astronomers (Leverrier). They found a residual perihelion motion of this planet of the given magnitude which can not be explained by the perturbation of the other planets.",
            "translator": "M. N. Saha and S. N. Bose",
            "source_id": "principle_selected_papers",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Déterminons la courbure que subit un rayon lumineux lorsqu’il passe à une distance Δ d’une masse M. Si nous employons le système de coordonnées conformément au schéma ci-dessus, la déviation totale B des rayons lumineux, comptée positivement lorsqu’elle est concave vers l’origine, est donnée avec une approximation suffisante par Un rayon lumineux effleurant juste le Soleil subirait une déviation de 1,7″, tandis qu’un rayon passant près de Jupiter subirait une déviation d’environ 0,02″. Si nous calculons le champ gravitationnel à un ordre d’approximation supérieur et, avec lui, la trajectoire correspondante d’une particule matérielle de masse relativement faible (infiniment petite), nous obtenons, par rapport aux lois képléro-newtoniennes du mouvement planétaire, une déviation de la nature suivante. L’ellipse du mouvement planétaire subit une lente rotation dans le sens du mouvement, d’une valeur de Dans cette formule, « a » désigne le demi-grand axe, c la vitesse de la lumière, mesurée de la manière habituelle, e l’excentricité, et τ la période de révolution en secondes. Pour la planète Mercure, le calcul donne une rotation de la trajectoire de 43″ par siècle, ce qui concorde suffisamment avec les observations des astronomes (Leverrier). Ceux-ci ont constaté, pour cette planète, un mouvement résiduel du périhélie de la grandeur indiquée, qui ne peut être expliqué par les perturbations des autres planètes.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
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}