{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-work-v1",
    "id": "epictetus.discourses",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/discourses/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Discourses of Epictetus, Recorded by Arrian",
    "author": "Epictetus",
    "date": "teaching recorded by Arrian, c. 108-125 CE",
    "summary": "Arrian transmits Epictetus’ oral teaching as lively exchanges with students. The teacher confronts their ambitions, fears, and inconsistencies with a central demand: govern assent, desire, and action rather than claim command over events.",
    "learning": "Distinguish event from assent, follow Epictetus’ interrogative pedagogy, connect freedom with social role, and identify Arrian’s literary mediation.",
    "long_summary": "The Discourses begin from concrete situations, a magistrate’s visit, departure, illness, family conflict, or school exercise, then question the judgement making them fearful. Epictetus uses social roles, rational kinship, and providence to define freedom compatible with external constraint.\n\nThe abrupt tone, staged objections, and repetitions belong to oral pedagogy. Arrian is writer and mediator, not a recording device. The text provides access to Epictetus’ teaching without erasing its literary composition.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/discourses/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 95,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "2796a2cad6e6a41f9cb3147446a8458b3f9f97303a56d56b008a499159fab1fa",
            "source_id": "perseus-schenkl-grc"
        },
        {
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/discourses/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 95,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "d018cde76198dafb6dfbee0a8d2ed4a29564089dbab034731a2aba80a6ceeef0",
            "source_id": "wikisource-long-1877"
        },
        {
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/discourses/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 95,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "bb4bee7c4e537638895b227f7a0ac84ccf416be7f6a44ff35c15929ff7e32fbe",
            "source_id": "wikisource-courdaveaux-1862"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent",
            "count": 95
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_training",
            "label": "Philosophical training",
            "count": 95
        },
        {
            "id": "prohairesis",
            "label": "Moral choice",
            "count": 95
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family",
            "count": 94
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul",
            "count": 92
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason",
            "count": 88
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger",
            "count": 85
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin",
            "count": 79
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature",
            "count": 77
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom",
            "count": 76
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field",
            "count": 75
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship",
            "count": 75
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "epictetus.discourses"
    ],
    "passages": 95,
    "word_count": 118661,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 118661,
        "fr": 114421,
        "grc": 75179
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "epictetus-book-chapter-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "chapter",
                "label_fr": "Chapitre",
                "label_en": "Chapter"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Chapitre",
        "leaf_en": "Chapter"
    },
    "content_checksum": "0dfc52a2cb3851c0cbfa54491eb778c6ab2c469120fa4ba3e77a1458e9225d69"
}