{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/epictetus-translation/reference-119/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "The Works of Epictetus, Translated into English by Elizabeth Carter",
    "author": "Epictetus",
    "date": "translation undertaken c. 1749-1758; published in 1759",
    "summary": "Elizabeth Carter translates the Discourses recorded by Arrian, the Enchiridion, and fragments of Epictetus for English readers. The volume transmits the philosopher’s teaching through lexical choices, notes, and an introduction belonging to the translator.",
    "learning": "Compare Discourses, Enchiridion, and fragments, identify the mediations of Arrian and Carter, and observe how translation choices shape Stoic concepts.",
    "long_summary": "The texts examine what is up to us, the use of impressions, social roles, providence, and the exercise of freedom. The liveliness of the Discourses contrasts with the compression of the Enchiridion, while fragments carry varying degrees of attribution.\n\nCarter is not the author of this teaching, and Arrian remains its principal ancient mediator. Her translation is nevertheless a major intellectual intervention: it stabilizes English terminology, explains the Stoic system, and marks agreements or tensions with her Christian context.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "18th-century Europe",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization.",
        "science": "Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable.",
        "medicine": "Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow.",
        "agriculture": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual.",
        "communication": "Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks.",
        "clothing": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization. Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable. Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow. Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_acquired_ocr",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/epictetus_translation/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 492,
            "role": "translated_or_edited_carrier",
            "sha256": "186dd8494de1b7cc736e8c4dafb2dbf9bb477938695aa509d678df4e31e795dd"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/epictetus_translation/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-20",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 492,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "e1a922014cb5a04f3a0e48eaea3ebebd09522bbf86ebc764488e257a060e2598",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "editorial_responsibility",
            "label": "Editorial responsibility"
        },
        {
            "id": "faith",
            "label": "Faith"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "translation_as_interpretation",
            "label": "Translation as interpretation"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation"
    ],
    "passages": 492,
    "word_count": 136535,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 136535,
        "fr": 132422
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "edition-local-editorial-carrier-unit-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "unit",
                "label_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
                "label_en": "Editorial unit"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
        "leaf_en": "Editorial unit"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation:119",
    "canonical_ref": "119",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "§.3. This you may fee to be the Pradice of thole, who play fkilfuUy at Ball. No one contends for the Bali [itfelfj, as either a Gpod or an Evil; but how he may throw, and catch it again. Here lies the Addrefs, here the Art, the Nimblenefs, the Sagacity ; that 1 may not be able to catch it, even if 1 hold up my Lap for it ; another may catch- it, whenever I throw it. But if we catch or throw it, with Fear or Perturbation, what Kind of Play will this be ? How fhall we keep ourfelves fceady ; or how fee the Order of the Game ? One will fay, Throw : another, Do not throw : a Third, You have thrown once already. . This is a mere Quarrel ; not a Play. Therefore Socrates well underllood playing at Ball Ufmg Pleafantry at his Trial \" Tell me, fays *' he, Anytus^ how can you fay, that I do not be* *' lieve a God ? What do you think Demons *'^ are ^ {c) Are they not either the Offspring of \" the Gods, or compounded of Gods and Men ?\" \" can believe there are Mules, and not believe, that *' there are Afles.?'* This was jufl as if he had been playing at Ball And what was the Ball he",
            "source_id": "allworksofepicte00epic",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation_or_editorial_carrier"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "§ 3. Vous pouvez voir que telle est la pratique de ceux qui jouent habilement à la balle. Personne ne dispute la balle elle-même comme si elle était un bien ou un mal ; il s’agit de savoir comment la lancer et la rattraper. Là résident l’adresse, l’art, l’agilité et la sagacité : il se peut que je ne puisse la rattraper, même si je tends mon vêtement pour la recevoir ; un autre peut la saisir chaque fois que je la lui lance. Mais si nous la recevons ou la lançons avec crainte ou trouble, quelle sorte de jeu sera-ce ? Comment garderons-nous notre fermeté, ou comment verrons-nous l’ordre du jeu ? L’un dira : « Lance. » Un autre : « Ne lance pas. » Un troisième : « Tu as déjà lancé une fois. » Ce n’est plus qu’une querelle, non un jeu. Socrate savait donc bien jouer à la balle, usant de plaisanterie pendant son procès. « Dis-moi, dit-il, Anytos, comment peux-tu prétendre que je ne crois pas en un dieu ? Que penses-tu que soient les démons (c) ? Ne sont-ils pas ou bien la progéniture des dieux, ou bien des êtres composés de dieux et d’hommes ? Puis-je croire qu’il existe des mulets et ne pas croire qu’il existe des ânes ? » C’était exactement comme s’il avait joué à la balle. Et quelle était la balle avec laquelle il devait jouer ?",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "f5152a965937483fb45d3b587ed1a732e4f910b1747a0ac3013e8a07b25d612a"
}