{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/epictetus-translation/reference-204/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "The Works of Epictetus, Translated into English by Elizabeth Carter",
    "author": "Epictetus",
    "date": "translation undertaken c. 1749-1758; published in 1759",
    "summary": "Elizabeth Carter translates the Discourses recorded by Arrian, the Enchiridion, and fragments of Epictetus for English readers. The volume transmits the philosopher’s teaching through lexical choices, notes, and an introduction belonging to the translator.",
    "learning": "Compare Discourses, Enchiridion, and fragments, identify the mediations of Arrian and Carter, and observe how translation choices shape Stoic concepts.",
    "long_summary": "The texts examine what is up to us, the use of impressions, social roles, providence, and the exercise of freedom. The liveliness of the Discourses contrasts with the compression of the Enchiridion, while fragments carry varying degrees of attribution.\n\nCarter is not the author of this teaching, and Arrian remains its principal ancient mediator. Her translation is nevertheless a major intellectual intervention: it stabilizes English terminology, explains the Stoic system, and marks agreements or tensions with her Christian context.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "18th-century Europe",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization.",
        "science": "Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable.",
        "medicine": "Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow.",
        "agriculture": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual.",
        "communication": "Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks.",
        "clothing": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization. Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable. Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow. Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_acquired_ocr",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/epictetus_translation/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 492,
            "role": "translated_or_edited_carrier",
            "sha256": "186dd8494de1b7cc736e8c4dafb2dbf9bb477938695aa509d678df4e31e795dd"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/epictetus_translation/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-20",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 492,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "e1a922014cb5a04f3a0e48eaea3ebebd09522bbf86ebc764488e257a060e2598",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "editorial_responsibility",
            "label": "Editorial responsibility"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "memory",
            "label": "Memory"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "softness",
            "label": "Softness"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        },
        {
            "id": "translation_as_interpretation",
            "label": "Translation as interpretation"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_peace",
            "label": "War and peace"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation"
    ],
    "passages": 492,
    "word_count": 136535,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 136535,
        "fr": 132422
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "edition-local-editorial-carrier-unit-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "unit",
                "label_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
                "label_en": "Editorial unit"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
        "leaf_en": "Editorial unit"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:elizabeth_carter.epictetus_translation:204",
    "canonical_ref": "204",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Skill, forefaw, that it would prove fatal to him, if he engaged himfelf in iheTheban War. Wherefore, to avoid inevitable Deftru6lion, he hid himfelf: but w^as difcovered by his Wife Eriphyle, whom Polynices had corrupted, with a Prefent of a golden Chain. Statius'j IhebaiSy L. VI \\a) Thefe are the Words of Epiaetus j to which there are others equivalent afterwards. His Meaning, probably, is Thing as the Faculty of Elocution : for this would be at once the Part of an impious and fearful Perfon (b). Impious ; becaufe he difhonours the Gifts of God ; jufl as if he iTiould deny any Ufe in the Faculty of Sight, Hearing, and Speech itfelf Hath God then given you Eyes in vain ? Is it in vain, that he hath infufed into them, fuch a ftrong and active Spirit, as to be able to reprefent the Forms of diflant Objeds {c) ? What Meffenger is fo quick and diligent ? Is it in vain, that he hath made the intermediate Air, fo yielding, and elallic, that the Sight penetrates through it ? And is it in vain, that he hath made the Light ; without which all the reft would be ufelefs ? Man, be not ingrateful ; nor, on the other hand, unmindful of your fuperior Advantages (d) : but for Sight, and Hearing, and indeed for Life itfelf and the Supports of it, as Fruits, and Wine, and Oil, be thankful to God : but remember, that he hath given you another I'hing, fuperior to them all ; which makes ufe of them, proves them, eftimates the Value of each {e). For what is it that pronounces upon the Value of each of thefe Faculties ? Is it the Faculty itfelf? Did you ever perceive the Faculty of Sight or Hearing, to fay any thing concerning itfelf? Or Wheat, or Barley, or Horfes, or Dogs ? No. Thefe Things are appointed as Inftruments and Servants",
            "source_id": "allworksofepicte00epic",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation_or_editorial_carrier"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "faculté, il prévit qu'il lui serait fatal de s'engager dans la guerre de Thèbes. C'est pourquoi, afin d'éviter une destruction inévitable, il se cacha ; mais il fut découvert par son épouse Ériphyle, que Polynice avait corrompue en lui offrant une chaîne d'or. Thébaïde de Stace, livre VI.\n\n(a) Ce sont les paroles d'Épictète, auxquelles d'autres paroles équivalentes succèdent. Son sens est probablement qu'il ne faut pas dire qu'il n'existe aucune faculté d'élocution ; car ce serait tout à la fois le fait d'une personne impie et craintive (b). Impie, parce qu'elle déshonore les dons de Dieu, exactement comme si elle niait toute utilité à la faculté de voir, d'entendre et de parler elle-même. Dieu t'a-t-il donc donné des yeux en vain ? Est-ce en vain qu'il leur a insufflé un esprit si fort et si actif qu'il peut représenter les formes des objets éloignés (c) ? Quel messager est aussi prompt et diligent ? Est-ce en vain qu'il a rendu l'air intermédiaire si souple et si élastique que la vue le pénètre ? Et est-ce en vain qu'il a créé la lumière, sans laquelle tout le reste serait inutile ? Homme, ne sois pas ingrat ; mais n'oublie pas non plus tes avantages supérieurs (d). Pour la vue, pour l'ouïe, et même pour la vie elle-même et ce qui l'entretient, comme les fruits, le vin et l'huile, remercie Dieu ; mais souviens-toi qu'il t'a donné autre chose, supérieur à tout cela, qui en fait usage, les éprouve et estime la valeur de chacun (e). Car qu'est-ce qui se prononce sur la valeur de chacune de ces facultés ? Est-ce la faculté elle-même ? As-tu jamais perçu la faculté de voir ou d'entendre dire quoi que ce soit à son propre sujet ? Ou le blé, l'orge, les chevaux ou les chiens ? Non. Ces choses ont été établies comme instruments et serviteurs",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "592e0a84046547448c60d0101522def24bd802324c1af9251393fba58856a498"
}