{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "epictetus.fragments",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/fragments/reference-21/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Fragments Attributed to Epictetus",
    "author": "Epictetus",
    "date": "sayings from the 1st-2nd centuries CE, transmitted by later witnesses",
    "summary": "These fragments preserve words attributed to Epictetus through quotations, anthologies, and witnesses outside the Discourses. They extend familiar themes such as assent and freedom, but every item depends on its transmitter and setting.",
    "learning": "Assess a fragment through its source, compare its vocabulary with the Discourses, and distinguish doctrinal continuity, authentic wording, and later reception.",
    "long_summary": "An isolated saying may condense a moral distinction, pedagogical image, or exhortation developed elsewhere in continuous works. Thematic comparison helps interpretation without proving that its exact wording reaches back to the teacher.\n\nThe collection is an editorial reconstruction from several sources. Date, quoting author, and form of transmission determine each fragment’s weight. Their value lies in Epictetus’ reception as much as in possible doctrinal supplementation.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "partial",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 28,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "8ec98f1ad2eeb15b8cf85f6e88c6b7f50ea65b78606fa90ac17b4dd8414a33a2",
            "source_id": "perseus-schenkl-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 31,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "70fc189b85631fdd3452eabad85f24293f23cdb2f707e4b1d8632d3eb5a2fadb",
            "source_id": "wikisource-oldfather-1928"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 31,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "b32a886c3708ee097e617bf15af85bac5a503d23a239d63d1a15377862296a37",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "exile",
            "label": "Exile"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_eros",
            "label": "Philosophical eros"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "epictetus.fragments"
    ],
    "passages": 31,
    "word_count": 3653,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 3653,
        "fr": 3571,
        "grc": 1786
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "epictetus-schenkl-fragment-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "fragment",
                "label_fr": "Fragment",
                "label_en": "Fragment"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Fragment",
        "leaf_en": "Fragment"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:epictetus.fragments:21",
    "canonical_ref": "21",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "Ἐπικτήτου. διὰ τοῦτο ἐπαινεῖν Ἀγριππῖνον δίκαιον, ὅτι πλείστου ἄξιος ἀνὴρ γενόμενος οὐδεπώποτε ἐπῄνεσεν ἑαυτόν, ἀλλʼ εἰ καὶ ἄλλος τις αὐτὸν ἐπῄνει, ἠρυθρία. οὗ τος δʼ, ἔφη, ὁ ἀνὴρ τοιοῦτος ἦν, ὥστε τοῦ συμβαίνοντος ἀεὶ ἑαυτῷ δυσκόλου ἔπαινον γράφειν· εἰ μὲν πυρέττοι, πυρετοῦ· εἰ δὲ ἀδοξοῖ, ἀδοξίας· εἰ δὲ φεύγοι, φυγῆς. καί ποτε μέλλοντι, ἔφη, αὐτῷ ἀριστήσειν ἐπέστη ὁ λέγων, ὅτι φεύγειν αὐτὸν κελεύει Νέρων, καὶ ὃς ἔφη οὐκοῦν, εἶπεν, ἐν Ἀρικίᾳ ἀριστήσομεν.",
            "edition": "Heinrich Schenkl, Epicteti dissertationes ab Arriano digestae (1916)",
            "source_id": "perseus-schenkl-grc",
            "translation_type": "original_transmitted_text"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "From Epictetus For this reason it is right to praise Agrippinus, because, although he was a man of the very highest worth, he never praised himself, but used to blush even if someone else praised him. His character was such, said Epictetus, that when any hardship befell him he would compose a eulogy upon it; on fever, if he had a fever; on disrepute, if he suffered from disrepute; on exile, if he went into exile. And once, he said, when Agrippinus was preparing to take lunch, a man brought him word that Nero ordered him into exile; \"Very well,\" said he, \"we shall take our lunch in Aricia.\"",
            "translator": "W. A. Oldfather",
            "edition": "W. A. Oldfather, Epictetus: The Discourses as Reported by Arrian, the Manual, and Fragments, volume II (1928)",
            "source_id": "wikisource-oldfather-1928",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "D'Épictète\n\nC'est pourquoi il est juste de louer Agrippinus : bien qu'il fût un homme de la plus haute valeur, il ne faisait jamais son propre éloge, mais rougissait même si quelqu'un d'autre le louait. Son caractère était tel, disait Épictète, que, lorsqu'une épreuve lui survenait, il composait un éloge à son sujet : sur la fièvre, s'il avait de la fièvre ; sur le discrédit, s'il subissait le discrédit ; sur l'exil, s'il partait en exil. Et un jour, disait-il, alors qu'Agrippinus s'apprêtait à déjeuner, un homme vint lui annoncer que Néron lui ordonnait de partir en exil. « Très bien, dit-il, nous déjeunerons à Aricie. »",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "3f18362fe7a2ef9e6d4622bd1e054fb7aa51cd88653d7dc6e44ff59eb27453c2"
}