{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "epictetus.fragments",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epictetus/fragments/reference-26/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Fragments Attributed to Epictetus",
    "author": "Epictetus",
    "date": "sayings from the 1st-2nd centuries CE, transmitted by later witnesses",
    "summary": "These fragments preserve words attributed to Epictetus through quotations, anthologies, and witnesses outside the Discourses. They extend familiar themes such as assent and freedom, but every item depends on its transmitter and setting.",
    "learning": "Assess a fragment through its source, compare its vocabulary with the Discourses, and distinguish doctrinal continuity, authentic wording, and later reception.",
    "long_summary": "An isolated saying may condense a moral distinction, pedagogical image, or exhortation developed elsewhere in continuous works. Thematic comparison helps interpretation without proving that its exact wording reaches back to the teacher.\n\nThe collection is an editorial reconstruction from several sources. Date, quoting author, and form of transmission determine each fragment’s weight. Their value lies in Epictetus’ reception as much as in possible doctrinal supplementation.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Roman world, 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood.",
        "science": "Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist.",
        "transport": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour.",
        "communication": "Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand.",
        "clothing": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Paved roads, aqueducts, concrete, glassware, mills, and hypocaust heating equip some cities, but energy comes mainly from bodies, animals, water, and wood. Astronomy, geometry, natural history, and engineering compile Greek, Egyptian, and Roman knowledge. Measurement exists without a modern laboratory. Physicians, midwives, baths, plants, and rudimentary surgery can help; reliable anaesthesia, antisepsis, and antibiotics do not exist."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "On foot, horseback, cart, or ship, road and sea networks connect the Empire. Travel remains slow, costly, and risky. Imperial couriers, letters on papyrus or tablets, inscriptions, and oral proclamations spread information. Everything is copied by hand."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, vines, olives, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies; estates, slavery, and tenancy organize part of the labour."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/09-54-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Tunics and cloaks are common to both sexes; the stola, toga, footwear, colours, and jewellery mark citizenship, office, wealth, and origin."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "partial",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 28,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "8ec98f1ad2eeb15b8cf85f6e88c6b7f50ea65b78606fa90ac17b4dd8414a33a2",
            "source_id": "perseus-schenkl-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 31,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "70fc189b85631fdd3452eabad85f24293f23cdb2f707e4b1d8632d3eb5a2fadb",
            "source_id": "wikisource-oldfather-1928"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epictetus/fragments/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 31,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "b32a886c3708ee097e617bf15af85bac5a503d23a239d63d1a15377862296a37",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "beneficence",
            "label": "Beneficence"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "epictetus.fragments"
    ],
    "passages": 31,
    "word_count": 3653,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 3653,
        "fr": 3571,
        "grc": 1786
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "epictetus-schenkl-fragment-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "fragment",
                "label_fr": "Fragment",
                "label_en": "Fragment"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Fragment",
        "leaf_en": "Fragment"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:epictetus.fragments:26",
    "canonical_ref": "26",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ψυχάριον εἶ βαστάζον νεκρόν, ὡς Ἐπίκτητος ἔλεγεν.",
            "edition": "Heinrich Schenkl, Epicteti dissertationes ab Arriano digestae (1916)",
            "source_id": "perseus-schenkl-grc",
            "translation_type": "original_transmitted_text"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "You are a little soul, carrying around a corpse, as Epictetus used to say.",
            "translator": "W. A. Oldfather",
            "edition": "W. A. Oldfather, Epictetus: The Discourses as Reported by Arrian, the Manual, and Fragments, volume II (1928)",
            "source_id": "wikisource-oldfather-1928",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Tu es une petite âme qui porte çà et là un cadavre, comme Épictète avait coutume de le dire.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "880f96e2db09bd63dd81818918a18109eb1675310ea41190c555e85dd5a49c57"
}