{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "epicurus.principal_doctrines",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/epicurus/principal-doctrines/reference-24/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Principal Doctrines",
    "author": "Epicurus",
    "date": "3rd century BCE; compilation of sayings by Epicurus and associates",
    "summary": "The Principal Doctrines condense Epicurean ethics into propositions about gods, death, desire, justice, friendship, and security. Their sequence supplies a doctrinal aid to memory rather than continuous demonstration.",
    "learning": "Connect the doctrines with Epicurean therapy, distinguish natural from empty desires, and analyze the reciprocal and conventional account of justice.",
    "long_summary": "The opening doctrines disarm fundamental fears, then clarify limits of pleasure and pain. Others define justice as a useful agreement against harm and examine social conditions allowing life without disturbance.\n\nA maxim removes intermediate steps so its conclusion remains available. Such efficiency requires comparison with letters and testimony: terms such as pleasure, natural, or just retain precision only within the system.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Hellenistic Mediterranean, 4th-3rd centuries BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Siege engines, pulleys, presses, mills, and large ships extend mechanical capacity, still limited by muscle, water, and wind.",
        "science": "Scholarly centres develop geometry, mechanics, astronomy, and geography. Manuscripts are hand-copied and instruments remain scarce.",
        "medicine": "Physicians, herbalists, and midwives use plant remedies and limited surgery; infection and pain remain poorly controlled.",
        "transport": "Roads, caravans, and Mediterranean shipping move soldiers, merchants, and ideas across very long distances.",
        "agriculture": "Grain, wine, oil, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies through storage, estates, and maritime trade.",
        "communication": "Royal couriers, inscriptions, and manuscript rolls connect multilingual kingdoms. Public reading and memory remain decisive.",
        "clothing": "Draped tunics and cloaks predominate; dyed cloth, jewellery, and hairstyles distinguish gender, occupation, city, and wealth."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/04-334-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Siege engines, pulleys, presses, mills, and large ships extend mechanical capacity, still limited by muscle, water, and wind. Scholarly centres develop geometry, mechanics, astronomy, and geography. Manuscripts are hand-copied and instruments remain scarce. Physicians, herbalists, and midwives use plant remedies and limited surgery; infection and pain remain poorly controlled."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/04-334-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Roads, caravans, and Mediterranean shipping move soldiers, merchants, and ideas across very long distances. Royal couriers, inscriptions, and manuscript rolls connect multilingual kingdoms. Public reading and memory remain decisive."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/04-334-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Grain, wine, oil, pulses, and livestock supply cities and armies through storage, estates, and maritime trade."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/04-334-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Draped tunics and cloaks predominate; dyed cloth, jewellery, and hairstyles distinguish gender, occupation, city, and wealth."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "epicureanism",
        "label": "Epicureanism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "grc",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epicurus/principal_doctrines/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 40,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "6d6228657d6d84a54d307b68d073684b4b526f668af2480e8a1e65aaa7b5735f",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-open"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epicurus/principal_doctrines/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 40,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "67e3126a2522ff3c4920c5592fef08ac9af1f15cb76f2682359919ea68745309",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-open"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epicurus/principal_doctrines/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 40,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "badf19abe05be20e30a5b7314ea000a168718a92dd5e4a98a0cd0039b8044b6e",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epicurus/principal_doctrines_fr_carrier/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 40,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "fcb08e34841cef1d430213602a43eaf50b868fc7c4657e3c896f477c3c62515d",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-fr"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/epicurus/principal_doctrines_fr_carrier/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 40,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "c8631bcaf30d0a9206aaab13fdf1e532e59fee7f032ecc63a184e3aabb050ebd",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "aponia",
            "label": "Aponia"
        },
        {
            "id": "ataraxia",
            "label": "Ataraxia"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "pleasure",
            "label": "Pleasure"
        },
        {
            "id": "prudent_choice",
            "label": "Prudent choice of pleasures"
        },
        {
            "id": "truth",
            "label": "Truth"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "epicurus.principal_doctrines",
        "epicurus.principal_doctrines_fr_carrier"
    ],
    "passages": 40,
    "word_count": 1635,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 1635,
        "fr": 1809,
        "grc": 1285
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "epicurean-work-reference-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "reference",
                "label_fr": "Référence",
                "label_en": "Reference"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Fragment ou passage",
        "leaf_en": "Fragment or passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:epicurus.principal_doctrines:24",
    "canonical_ref": "24",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "If you reject a perception outright and do not distinguish between your opinion about what will happen after, what came before, your feelings, and all the layers of imagination involved in your thoughts, then you will throw your other perceptions into confusion because of your trifling opinions; as a result, you will reject the very criterion of truth. And if when forming concepts from your opinions you treat as confirmed everything that will happen and what you do not witness thereafter, then you will not avoid what is false, so that you will remove all argument and all judgment about what is and is not correct.",
            "translator": "Peter Saint-Andre",
            "edition": "principal-doctrines-open",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-open",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "εἰ τινʼ ἐκβαλεῖς ἁπλῶς αἴσθησιν καὶ μὴ διαιρήσεις τὸ δοξαζόμενον καὶ τὸ προσμένον καὶ τὸ παρὸν ἤδη κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὰ πάθη καὶ πᾶσαν φανταστικὴν ἐπιβολὴν τῆς διανοίας, συνταράξεις καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς αἰσθήσεις τῇ ματαίῳ δόξῃ, ὥστε τὸ κριτήριον ἅπαν ἐκβαλεῖς· εἰ δὲ βεβαιώσεις καὶ τὸ προσμένον ἅπαν ἐν ταῖς δοξαστικαῖς ἐννοίαις καὶ τὸ μὴ τὴν ἐπιμαρτύρησιν <ἔχον>, οὐκ ἐκλείψεις τὸ διεψευσμένον, ὡς τετηρηκὼς ἔσῃ πᾶσαν ἀμφισβήτησιν κατὰ πᾶσαν κρίσιν τοῦ ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ὀρθῶς.",
            "translator": "Peter Saint-Andre",
            "edition": "principal-doctrines-open",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-open",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Si tu rejettes purement et simplement une perception et ne distingues pas ton opinion sur ce qui arrivera ensuite, ce qui est venu auparavant, tes sensations et toutes les strates d'imagination impliquées dans tes pensées, alors tu jetteras tes autres perceptions dans la confusion à cause de tes opinions frivoles. En conséquence, tu rejetteras le critère même de la vérité. Et si, en formant des concepts à partir de tes opinions, tu tiens pour confirmé tout ce qui arrivera ainsi que ce dont tu ne seras pas ensuite témoin, alors tu n'éviteras pas le faux, de sorte que tu supprimeras toute argumentation et tout jugement sur ce qui est correct et ce qui ne l'est pas.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Il faut avoir un principe d’évidence auquel on rapporte ses jugements, sans quoi il s’y mêlera toujours de la confusion.",
            "translator": "Jacques Georges Chauffepié",
            "edition": "principal-doctrines-fr",
            "source_id": "principal-doctrines-fr",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "One must have a self-evident principle to which one refers one's judgments, otherwise confusion will always enter into them.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "c95c6da090ee9e8899fec57fae45ceb04514bd1903f2619fff2171d68ff254c0"
}