{ "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1", "id": "freud.drei_abhandlungen", "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/freud/drei-abhandlungen/reference-section-0004/", "language": "en", "title": "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", "author": "Sigmund Freud", "date": "1905", "summary": "Freud reconstructs sexual development as a history of partial drives, changing objects, and successive organizations. The text belongs to a dated clinical theory whose terminology and generalizations require critical context.", "learning": "Track revisions in Freud’s sexual theory and distinguish historical analysis, dated terminology, and contemporary clinical judgment.", "long_summary": "The three essays move sexuality beyond a model restricted to adult reproduction and address variation, infantile development, and transformations of puberty. Successive editions substantially revised the text, so it cannot be treated as an unchanging doctrine.\n\nReaders also encounter historically situated medical terminology and classifications. They must not be used to label a user or pathologize an orientation. The text illuminates the history of a theory; it supplies neither a contemporary verdict nor a total explanation of human conduct.", "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.", "material_world_label": "World of 1989", "material_world": { "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.", "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.", "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.", "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.", "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.", "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.", "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes." }, "material_world_scenes": [ { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp", "title": "Technology, science, and care", "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp", "title": "Travel and communication", "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp", "title": "Farming and food", "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs." }, { "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp", "title": "Clothing, women and men", "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes." } ], "intellectual_tradition": { "id": "psychology", "label": "Psychology and psychoanalysis" }, "period": { "id": "contemporary", "label": "Contemporary era" }, "languages": [ "de", "en", "fr" ], "manifestations": [ { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/freud/drei_abhandlungen/representations/de.ndjson", "language": "de", "records": 109, "role": "complete_author_body", "sha256": "f421406ad326b7c9c9a3d64a3ea4abd51f89e648bfea36f7fb60586f7226deb4", "source_id": "project-gutenberg-39938" }, { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/freud/drei_abhandlungen/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson", "generated_on": "2026-09-14", "language": "en", "model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "official_status": "non_official", "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1", "provider": "codex_subscription", "records": 109, "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official", "sha256": "e3f27d4f6d44f58d526ebc3de90cb13e253a1fd4605584b0b7b0e4b91739cfa0", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation" }, { "coverage": "complete", "file": "data/corpus/normalized/freud/drei_abhandlungen/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson", "generated_on": "2026-09-14", "language": "fr", "model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "official_status": "non_official", "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1", "provider": "codex_subscription", "records": 109, "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official", "sha256": "30b51026fc6aa3993d3275083a90f728437422216af0c3a7db4c806237004b74", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation" } ], "concepts": [ { "id": "care_of_soul", "label": "Care of the soul" }, { "id": "dream_work", "label": "Dream-work" }, { "id": "family", "label": "Family" }, { "id": "joke_work", "label": "Joke-work" }, { "id": "modern_cognitive_behavioral_therapy", "label": "Modern cognitive behavioral therapy" }, { "id": "patience", "label": "Steadfast patience" }, { "id": "pleasure_principle", "label": "Pleasure principle" }, { "id": "poverty_wealth", "label": "Poverty and wealth" }, { "id": "psychic_determinism", "label": "Psychic determinism" }, { "id": "reason", "label": "Reason" }, { "id": "repetition_compulsion", "label": "Repetition compulsion" }, { "id": "repression", "label": "Repression" }, { "id": "sin", "label": "Sin" }, { "id": "suffering", "label": "Suffering" }, { "id": "unconscious_conflict", "label": "Unconscious conflict" }, { "id": "war_and_peace", "label": "War and peace" }, { "id": "wish_fulfilment", "label": "Wish-fulfilment" } ], "source_work_ids": [ "freud.drei_abhandlungen" ], "passages": 109, "word_count": 35693, "word_counts_by_language": { "de": 31974, "en": 35693, "fr": 36701 }, "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1", "structure": { "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1", "kind": "native", "levels": [ { "key": "section", "label_fr": "Section", "label_en": "Section" } ], "leaf_fr": "Section", "leaf_en": "Section" }, "canonical_passage_id": "passage:freud.drei_abhandlungen:section-0004", "canonical_ref": "section-0004", "canonical_parent_ref": null, "canonical_parent_id": null, "representations": [ { "language": "de", "text": "Viele Autoren würden sich weigern, die hier aufgezählten Fälle zu einer Einheit zusammenzufassen, und ziehen es vor, die Unterschiede anstatt der Gemeinsamen dieser Gruppen zu betonen, was mit der von ihnen beliebten Beurteilung der Inversion zusammenhängt. Allein so berechtigt Sonderungen sein mögen, so ist doch nicht zu verkennen, daß alle Zwischenstufen reichlich aufzufinden sind, so daß die Reihenbildung sich gleichsam von selbst aufdrängt.\n\nAuffassung der Inversion.\n\nDie erste Würdigung der Inversion bestand in der Auffassung, sie sei ein angeborenes Zeichen nervöser Degeneration, und war im Einklange mit der Tatsache, daß die ärztlichen Beobachter zuerst bei Nervenkranken oder Personen, die solchen Eindruck machten, auf sie gestoßen waren. In dieser Charakteristik sind zwei Angaben enthalten, die unabhängig voneinander beurteilt werden sollen; das Angeborensein und die Degeneration.\n\nDegeneration.\n\nDie Degeneration unterliegt den Einwänden, die sich gegen die wahllose Verwendung des Wortes überhaupt erheben. Es ist doch Sitte geworden, jede Art von Krankheitsäußerung, die nicht gerade traumatischen oder infektiösen Ursprunges ist, der Degeneration zuzurechnen. Die Magnan sche Einteilung der Degenerierten hat es selbst ermöglicht, daß die vorzüglichste Allgemeingestaltung der Nervenleistung die Anwendbarkeit des Begriffes Degeneration nicht auszuschließen braucht. Unter solchen Umständen darf man fragen, welchen Nutzen und welchen neuen Inhalt das Urteil »Degeneration« überhaupt noch besitzt. Es scheint zweckmäßiger, von Degeneration nicht zu sprechen:\n\n1. wo nicht mehrere schwere Abweichungen von der Norm zusammentreffen; 2. wo nicht Leistungs- und Existenzfähigkeit im allgemeinen schwer geschädigt erscheinen (6) .\n\nDaß die Invertierten nicht Degenerierte in diesem berechtigten Sinne sind, geht aus mehreren Tatsachen hervor:\n\n1. Man findet die Inversion bei Personen, die keine sonstigen schweren Abweichungen von der Norm zeigen;\n\n2. desgleichen bei Personen, deren Leistungsfähigkeit nicht gestört ist, ja die sich durch besonders hohe intellektuelle Entwicklung und ethische Kultur auszeichnen (7) .\n\n3. Wenn man von den Patienten seiner ärztlichen Erfahrung absieht und einen weiteren Gesichtskreis zu umfassen strebt, stößt man nach zwei Richtungen auf Tatsachen, welche die Inversion als Degenerationszeichen aufzufassen verbieten.", "source_id": "project-gutenberg-39938", "translation_type": "original_language" }, { "language": "en", "text": "Many authors would refuse to combine the cases enumerated here into a single category and prefer to emphasize the differences rather than what these groups have in common, which is connected with their favored judgment of inversion. Yet however justified distinctions may be, it cannot be denied that all intermediate stages are found in abundance, so that the formation of a series seems, as it were, to impose itself.\n\nConception of Inversion.\n\nThe first assessment of inversion consisted in the view that it was an innate sign of nervous degeneration, and was in accord with the fact that medical observers first encountered it in nervous patients or in persons who gave such an impression. This characterization contains two assertions that should be judged independently of one another: innateness and degeneration.\n\nDegeneration.\n\nDegeneration is subject to the objections raised against the indiscriminate use of the word in general. It has become customary to attribute to degeneration every kind of pathological manifestation that is not directly of traumatic or infectious origin. Magnan’s classification of degenerates has even made it possible for the most excellent general organization of nervous functioning not to exclude the applicability of the concept of degeneration. Under such circumstances one may ask what utility and what new content the judgment “degeneration” still possesses at all. It seems more expedient not to speak of degeneration:\n\n1. where several severe deviations from the norm do not coincide; 2. where the capacity for achievement and for existence in general do not appear severely impaired (6).\n\nThat inverts are not degenerates in this legitimate sense follows from several facts:\n\n1. Inversion is found in persons who show no other severe deviations from the norm;\n\n2. likewise in persons whose capacity for achievement is not impaired, and who indeed are distinguished by especially high intellectual development and ethical culture (7).\n\n3. If one looks beyond the patients of one’s medical experience and strives to encompass a wider field of vision, one encounters facts in two directions that forbid conceiving inversion as a sign of degeneration.", "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol", "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-14", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation", "official_status": "non_official", "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol" }, { "language": "fr", "text": "De nombreux auteurs refuseraient de réunir en une seule entité les cas énumérés ici et préfèrent souligner les différences plutôt que les traits communs à ces groupes, ce qui tient à leur manière privilégiée de juger l’inversion. Mais, si légitimes que puissent être les distinctions, on ne saurait méconnaître que tous les degrés intermédiaires se rencontrent en abondance, si bien que leur disposition en série s’impose pour ainsi dire d’elle-même.\n\nConception de l’inversion.\n\nLa première appréciation de l’inversion consista à la concevoir comme un signe inné de dégénérescence nerveuse, conformément au fait que les observateurs médicaux l’avaient d’abord rencontrée chez des malades des nerfs ou chez des personnes qui en donnaient l’impression. Cette caractérisation contient deux assertions qui doivent être jugées indépendamment l’une de l’autre : le caractère inné et la dégénérescence.\n\nDégénérescence.\n\nLa dégénérescence est sujette aux objections que soulève en général l’emploi indiscriminé de ce mot. Il est en effet devenu habituel d’attribuer à la dégénérescence toute manifestation pathologique qui n’est pas précisément d’origine traumatique ou infectieuse. La classification des dégénérés proposée par Magnan a même rendu possible que la plus excellente conformation générale du fonctionnement nerveux n’exclue pas l’application du concept de dégénérescence. Dans ces conditions, on peut se demander quelle utilité et quel contenu nouveau possède encore, en général, le jugement de « dégénérescence ». Il paraît plus opportun de ne pas parler de dégénérescence :\n\n1. lorsque plusieurs déviations graves par rapport à la norme ne se rencontrent pas conjointement ; 2. lorsque les capacités de fonctionnement et d’existence en général ne paraissent pas gravement atteintes (6).\n\nPlusieurs faits montrent que les invertis ne sont pas des dégénérés en ce sens légitime :\n\n1. On trouve l’inversion chez des personnes qui ne présentent aucune autre déviation grave par rapport à la norme ;\n\n2. de même, chez des personnes dont les capacités ne sont pas altérées et qui se distinguent même par un développement intellectuel et une culture éthique particulièrement élevés (7).\n\n3. Si l’on fait abstraction des patients rencontrés dans l’expérience médicale et que l’on s’efforce d’élargir son horizon, on rencontre, dans deux directions, des faits qui interdisent de concevoir l’inversion comme un signe de dégénérescence.", "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol", "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-14", "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1", "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation", "official_status": "non_official", "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol" } ], "content_checksum": "f9c62755323c1b90cba176e4d777bfd88de1454c75c72d97ceb2226cda9b29cc" }