{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "elizabeth_carter.translated_crousaz",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/jean-pierre-de-crousaz/translated-crousaz/reference-36/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Jean-Pierre de Crousaz’s Examination of Mr. Pope’s Essay on Man, Translated by Elizabeth Carter",
    "author": "Jean-Pierre de Crousaz",
    "date": "1738-1739",
    "summary": "Jean-Pierre de Crousaz subjects Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man to philosophical and theological criticism. Elizabeth Carter’s English translation carries his debate about providence, freedom, evil, and cosmic order without making her the original author.",
    "learning": "Reconstruct the criticism of Pope’s optimism, distinguish poetic image from philosophical proposition, and attribute argument, translation, and target text separately.",
    "long_summary": "Crousaz examines Pope’s poetic formulas as propositions capable of being true, ambiguous, or dangerous. He refuses to let universal harmony, the scale of beings, or human limitation excuse evil or weaken freedom and responsibility.\n\nThe move from verse to argumentative prose creates a central tension: a powerful image is not yet an exact distinction. Carter translates the controversy for English readers and contributes to its circulation, but the structure and doctrinal commitments of the refutation belong to Crousaz.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "18th-century Europe",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization.",
        "science": "Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable.",
        "medicine": "Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered.",
        "transport": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow.",
        "agriculture": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual.",
        "communication": "Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks.",
        "clothing": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Printing presses, early steam engines, textile machinery, clockmaking, and metalwork begin an uneven mechanization. Learned societies, collections, measurement, public experiments, and classification make science more collective and testable. Anatomy and clinical observation advance; variolation and then vaccination appear, but anaesthesia, antisepsis, and microbes are not yet mastered."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking, horses, stagecoaches, barges, and sailing ships. Roads and relays improve, but travel remains slow. Newspapers, books, pamphlets, salons, and post move ideas at a new speed measured in days or weeks."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Rotations, animal breeding, drainage, and new foods raise some yields while much labour remains manual."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/22-1789-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Coats, waistcoats, and breeches dress prosperous men; bodices, skirts, and gowns structure women’s fashion. Working people wear simpler, repeatedly repaired forms."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_acquired_ocr",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/translated_crousaz/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 157,
            "role": "translated_or_edited_carrier",
            "sha256": "8994a2a8a1e48f057420b33435b5f34117e727977c427d94debc07b4e4f1d73d"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/elizabeth_carter/translated_crousaz/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 157,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "592e8865d5eafec50cc8de436efc8917acd16d0cbf109a2bc6757bd2dbf19bd2",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death"
        },
        {
            "id": "editorial_responsibility",
            "label": "Editorial responsibility"
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field"
        },
        {
            "id": "freedom",
            "label": "Freedom"
        },
        {
            "id": "humility",
            "label": "Humility"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "service",
            "label": "Service"
        },
        {
            "id": "translation_as_interpretation",
            "label": "Translation as interpretation"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "elizabeth_carter.translated_crousaz"
    ],
    "passages": 157,
    "word_count": 42668,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 42668,
        "fr": 39095
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "edition-local-editorial-carrier-unit-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "unit",
                "label_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
                "label_en": "Editorial unit"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité éditoriale",
        "leaf_en": "Editorial unit"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:elizabeth_carter.translated_crousaz:36",
    "canonical_ref": "36",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "It is then carrying on our Conjectures with a furprizing Temerity, to deny the Supreme Caufe, arid all its Effefts, a full Liberty, and to look upon our mod immediate Perceptions as lllufjons. Nay more, this Syftem tends to fill the Earth, and probably other Planets too, with Beings, who think for no other End than to imagine themfelves the Authors of that which they have no Share in. Mr M' Pope'j\" Ejpiy on Man. 47 '• Mr Pope^ then, from the very Beginning of his Poem, would have forgot his End, if, after having at firft declared himfelf fo freely againft the Pride and Illufions of Monarchs, he had not dared to touch upon the rafh Prefumption of Philofophers, whom Modefty fo well becomes. But it is not only in the Author of this Syftem that our Poet prefents us with a Subje<5t proper to humble us ; the Number of his Adherents give us one too, which is no lefs mortifying 'Tis faid that the People of Cappadocia, to whom the Romans thought they had done a great Service, by making them a Prefent of Liberty, and a Power of governing themfelves, found this Power fo imbarrafling, that their Indolence made them wifli rather to fee others burthened with it than themfelves In the RepiihUck of Letters there are likewife a great Number of Perfons, who think an attentive, circurafpefb, continu'd and unprejudiced Examination, too laborious. A very flight Examination is fufficient for them to chufe a Mafter, and lift themfelves into his Service ; they embrace brace his Ideas, and often, for want oP Ideas, confine themfelvcs to adopt his Expreflions ; fatisfied with reckoning themfelves his Difciples, and tenacioufly difputing againft thofe who are not of the fame Opinion",
            "source_id": "examinationofmrp00crouuoft",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation_or_editorial_carrier"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "C’est donc pousser nos conjectures avec une témérité surprenante que de refuser à la Cause suprême et à tous ses effets une pleine liberté, et de regarder nos perceptions les plus immédiates comme des illusions. Bien plus, ce système tend à remplir la Terre, et probablement aussi d’autres planètes, d’êtres qui ne pensent que pour s’imaginer les auteurs de ce à quoi ils n’ont aucune part.\n\nL’Essai sur l’homme de M. Pope. 47\n\nM. Pope aurait donc oublié son but dès le commencement de son poème si, après s’être d’abord déclaré si librement contre l’orgueil et les illusions des monarques, il n’avait pas osé toucher à la téméraire présomption des philosophes, auxquels la modestie convient si bien. Mais ce n’est pas seulement dans l’auteur de ce système que notre poète nous présente un sujet propre à nous humilier. Le nombre de ses adhérents nous en offre un autre qui n’est pas moins mortifiant.\n\nOn raconte que les habitants de Cappadoce, auxquels les Romains pensaient avoir rendu un grand service en leur faisant présent de la liberté et du pouvoir de se gouverner eux-mêmes, trouvèrent ce pouvoir si embarrassant que leur indolence leur fit souhaiter de voir plutôt d’autres qu’eux-mêmes chargés de ce fardeau.\n\nDans la République des lettres, il existe également un grand nombre de personnes qui jugent trop laborieux un examen attentif, circonspect, continu et exempt de préjugés. Un examen très léger leur suffit pour choisir un maître et s’enrôler à son service. Elles embrassent ses idées et souvent, faute d’idées, se bornent à adopter ses expressions, satisfaites de se compter parmi ses disciples et de disputer avec ténacité contre ceux qui ne partagent pas la même opinion.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "7e3bb80f2b7fb35ad46c25bc94d3e017dc36db870fad6eb3883d3ffa20cf988d"
}