{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "locke.essay_human_understanding",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/reference-b2-c21-s69/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding",
    "author": "John Locke",
    "date": "1689-1700; revised lifetime editions",
    "summary": "The Essay examines the origin and composition of ideas, personal identity, and the limits of knowledge.",
    "learning": "Take a disputed term, trace the ideas composing it, then separate what experience warrants as knowledge from what remains probable judgment.",
    "long_summary": "This edition joins three English Gutenberg transcriptions to Pierre Coste’s historical French translation. Canonical identity follows book, chapter and section. Sections missing from one manifestation remain monolingual and are never attached to a neighbor.\n\nThe reading distinguishes sensation and reflection, simple and complex ideas, qualities, identity, knowledge and probability. The 1975 editorial PDF remains a doxographer witness outside dialogue.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
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            "coverage": "complete_for_attested_edition_boundaries",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 1079,
            "role": "source_language_transcription",
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1093,
            "role": "historical_translation",
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-30",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
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            "records": 35,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "fills_missing_source_attested_coverage",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-30",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 21,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
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            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
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    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "affects",
            "label": "Affects"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "degrees_of_knowledge_and_probability",
            "label": "Degrees of knowledge and probability"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "duty",
            "label": "Duty"
        },
        {
            "id": "education",
            "label": "Education"
        },
        {
            "id": "elenchus",
            "label": "Elenchus"
        },
        {
            "id": "faith",
            "label": "Faith"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "force",
            "label": "Force"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "human_wisdom",
            "label": "Human wisdom"
        },
        {
            "id": "ideas_from_sensation_and_reflection",
            "label": "Ideas from sensation and reflection"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "law",
            "label": "Law"
        },
        {
            "id": "love",
            "label": "Love"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "necessity",
            "label": "Necessity"
        },
        {
            "id": "nominal_and_real_essence",
            "label": "Nominal and real essence"
        },
        {
            "id": "personal_identity_and_consciousness",
            "label": "Personal identity and consciousness"
        },
        {
            "id": "pleasure",
            "label": "Pleasure"
        },
        {
            "id": "primary_and_secondary_qualities",
            "label": "Primary and secondary qualities"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "simple_and_complex_ideas",
            "label": "Simple and complex ideas"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        },
        {
            "id": "suffering",
            "label": "Suffering"
        },
        {
            "id": "tranquillity",
            "label": "Tranquillity"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_peace",
            "label": "War and peace"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "locke.essay_human_understanding"
    ],
    "passages": 1114,
    "word_count": 257071,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 257071,
        "fr": 297020
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "locke-essay-book-chapter-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "chapter",
                "label_fr": "Chapitre",
                "label_en": "Chapter"
            },
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:locke.essay_human_understanding:B2.C21.S69",
    "canonical_ref": "B2.C21.S69",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "(i) IGNORANCE: He that judges without informing himself to the utmost that he is capable, cannot acquit himself of judging amiss.\n\n(ii) INADVERTENCY: When a man overlooks even that which he does know. This is an affected and present ignorance, which misleads our judgments as much as the other. Judging is, as it were, balancing an account, and determining on which side the odds lie. If therefore either side be huddled up in haste, and several of the sums that should have gone into the reckoning be overlooked and left out, this precipitancy causes as wrong a judgment as if it were a perfect ignorance. That which most commonly causes this is, the prevalency of some present pleasure or pain, heightened by our feeble passionate nature, most strongly wrought on by what is present. To check this precipitancy, our understanding and reason were given us, if we will make a right use of them, to search and see, and then judge thereupon. How much sloth and negligence, heat and passion, the prevalency of fashion or acquired indispositions do severally contribute, on occasion, to these wrong judgments, I shall not here further inquire. I shall only add one other false judgment, which I think necessary to mention, because perhaps it is little taken notice of, though of great influence.",
            "edition": "Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-10615",
            "translation_type": "source_language_transcription"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Ainſi, la derniére choſe qui reſte à examiner ſur cette matiére c’eſt, s’il eſt au pouvoir d’un homme de changer l’agrément ou le desagrément qui accompagne quelque action particuliére ? & il eſt viſible qu’on peut le faire en pluſieurs rencontres. Les Hommes peuvent & doivent corriger leur palais, & ſe faire du goût pour des choſes qui ne lui conviennent point, ou qu’ils suppoſent ne lui pas convenir. Le Goût de l’Ame n’eſt pas moins divers que celui du Corps, & l’on peut y faire des changemens tout auſſi bien qu’à ce dernier. C’eſt une erreur de s’imaginer, que les Hommes ne ſauroient changer leurs inclinations jusqu’à trouver du plaiſir dans des actions pour lesquelles ils ont du dégoût & de l’indifférence, s’ils veulent s’y appliquer de tout leur pouvoir. En certains cas un juſte examen de la choſe produira ce changement ; & dans la plûpart, la pratique, l’application & la coûtume feront le même effet. Quoi qu’on ait ouï dire que le Pain ou le Tabac ſont utiles à la ſanté, on peut en négliger l’uſage à cauſe de l’indifférence ou du dégoût qu’on a pour ces deux choſes : mais la Raiſon & la reflexion venant à nous les rendre recommandables, on commence à en faire l’épreuve ; & l’uſage ou la coûtume nous les fait trouver agréables. Il eſt certain qu’il en eſt de même à l’égard de la Vertu. Les Actions ſont agréables ou desagréables, conſiderées en elles-mêmes, ou comme des moyens pour arriver à une fin plus excellente & plus deſirable. Qu’un homme mange d’une viande bien aſſaiſonnée & tout-à-fait à ſon goût, ſon Ame peut être touchée du plaiſir même qu’il trouve en mangeant, ſons avoir égard à aucune autre fin : mais la conſidération du plaiſir que donne la ſanté & la force du Corps, à quoi cette viande contribuë, peut y ajoûter un nouveau goût, capable de nous faire avaler une potion fort desagréable. A ce dernier égard, une action ne devient plus ou moins agréable que par la conſidération de la fin qu’on ſe propoſe, & par la perſuaſion plus ou moins forte où l’on eſt, que cette action y conduit, ou qu’elle a une liaiſon néceſſaire avec elle. Pour ce qui eſt du plaiſir qui ſe trouve dans l’Action même, il s’acquiert ou s’augmente beaucoup plus par l’uſage & par la pratique. En effet l’expérience nous rend ſouvent agréable ce que nous regardions de loin avec averſion, & nous fait aimer, par la repetition des mêmes actes, ce qui peut-être nous avoit déplû au prémier eſſai. Les habitudes ſont de puiſſans charmes, & attachent un ſi grand plaiſir à ce que nous nous accoûtumons de faire, que nous ne ſaurions nous en abſtenir, ou du moins omettre ſans inquiétude les Actions qu’une pratique habituelle nous a renduës propres & familiéres, & par même moyen recommandables. Quoi que cela ſoit de la derniére évidence, & que chacun ſoit convaincu par ſa propre expérience, qu’il en peut venir là ; c’eſt néanmoins un Devoir que les Hommes negligent ſi fort dans la conduite qu’ils tiennent par rapport au Bonheur, qu’on regardera peut-être comme un Paradoxe ſi je dis, que les hommes peuvent faire que des choſes ou des actions leur ſoient plus ou moins agréables, & par-là remedier à cette dispoſition d’eſprit, à laquelle on peut juſtement attribuer une grande partie de leurs égaremens. La Mode & les Opinions communément reçuës ayant une fois établi de fauſſes notions dans le Monde, & l’Education & la Coûtume ayant formé de mauvaiſes habitudes, on perd enfin l’idée du juſte prix des choſes, & le goût des hommes ſe corrompt entierement. Il faudroit donc prendre la peine de rectifier ce goût & de contracter des habitudes oppoſées qui puſſent changer nos Plaiſirs, & nous faire aimer ce qui eſt néceſſaire, ou qui peut contribuer à notre félicité. Chacun doit avoûër que c’eſt là ce qu’il peut faire ; & quand un jour ayant perdu le Bonheur, il ſe verra en proye à la Miſère, il confeſſera qu’il a eû tort de le négliger, & ſe condamnera lui-même pour cela. Je demande à chacun en particulier s’il ne lui eſt pas ſouvent arrivé de ſe reconnoitre coupable à cet égard.",
            "translator": "Pierre Coste",
            "edition": "Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition",
            "source_id": "wikisource-rev-14176341",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
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}