{
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    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/john-locke/essay-human-understanding/reference-b4-c11-s13/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding",
    "author": "John Locke",
    "date": "1689-1700; revised lifetime editions",
    "summary": "The Essay examines the origin and composition of ideas, personal identity, and the limits of knowledge.",
    "learning": "Take a disputed term, trace the ideas composing it, then separate what experience warrants as knowledge from what remains probable judgment.",
    "long_summary": "This edition joins three English Gutenberg transcriptions to Pierre Coste’s historical French translation. Canonical identity follows book, chapter and section. Sections missing from one manifestation remain monolingual and are never attached to a neighbor.\n\nThe reading distinguishes sensation and reflection, simple and complex ideas, qualities, identity, knowledge and probability. The 1975 editorial PDF remains a doxographer witness outside dialogue.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
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            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "modern-philosophy",
        "label": "Modern and contemporary philosophy"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "modern",
        "label": "Modern era"
    },
    "languages": [
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/en.ndjson",
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            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/john_locke/essay_human_understanding/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
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        {
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            "id": "decorum",
            "label": "Moral decorum"
        },
        {
            "id": "degrees_of_knowledge_and_probability",
            "label": "Degrees of knowledge and probability"
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "ideas_from_sensation_and_reflection",
            "label": "Ideas from sensation and reflection"
        },
        {
            "id": "impressions_and_assent",
            "label": "Impressions and assent"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "nominal_and_real_essence",
            "label": "Nominal and real essence"
        },
        {
            "id": "personal_identity_and_consciousness",
            "label": "Personal identity and consciousness"
        },
        {
            "id": "primary_and_secondary_qualities",
            "label": "Primary and secondary qualities"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "simple_and_complex_ideas",
            "label": "Simple and complex ideas"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        }
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    "passages": 1114,
    "word_count": 257071,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
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        "fr": 297020
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    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "locke-essay-book-chapter-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
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                "key": "book",
                "label_fr": "Livre",
                "label_en": "Book"
            },
            {
                "key": "chapter",
                "label_fr": "Chapitre",
                "label_en": "Chapter"
            },
            {
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                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
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        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
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    "canonical_ref": "B4.C11.S13",
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    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "By which it appears that there are two sorts of propositions:--(1) There is one sort of propositions concerning the existence of anything answerable to such an idea: as having the idea of an elephant, phoenix, motion, or an angel, in my mind, the first and natural inquiry is, Whether such a thing does anywhere exist? And this knowledge is only of particulars. No existence of anything without us, but only of God, can certainly be known further than our senses inform us, (2) There is another sort of propositions, wherein is expressed the agreement or disagreement of OUR ABSTRACT IDEAS, and their dependence on one another. Such propositions may be universal and certain. So, having the idea of God and myself, of fear and obedience, I cannot but be sure that God is to be feared and obeyed by me: and this proposition will be certain, concerning man in general, if I have made an abstract idea of such a species, whereof I am one particular. But yet this proposition, how certain soever, that 'men ought to fear and obey God' proves not to me the EXISTENCE of MEN in the world; but will be true of all such creatures, whenever they do exist: which certainty of such general propositions depends on the agreement or disagreement to be discovered in those abstract ideas.",
            "edition": "Project Gutenberg transcription of Locke author text",
            "source_id": "gutenberg-10616",
            "translation_type": "source_language_transcription"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "D’où il paroit qu’il y a deux ſortes de Propoſitions. I. L’une eſt de Propoſitions qui regardent l’exiſtence d’une choſe qui réponde à une telle idée ; comme ſi j’ai dans mon Eſprit l’idée d’un Elephant, d’un Phénix, du Mouvement ou d’un Ange, la prémiére recherche qui ſe préſente naturellement, c’eſt, ſi une telle choſe exiſte quelque part. Et cette connoiſſance ne s’étend qu’à des choſes particuliéres. Car nulle exiſtence de choſes hors de nous, excepté ſeulement l’exiſtence de Dieu, ne peut être connuë certainement au delà de ce que nos Sens nous en apprennent. II. Il y a une autre ſorte de Propoſitions où eſt exprimée la convenance ou la disconvenance de nos Idées abſtraites & la dépendance qui eſt entre elles. De telle Propoſitions peuvent être univerſelles & certaines. Ainſi, ayant l’idée de Dieu & de moi-même, celle de crainte & d’obéiſſance, je ne puis qu’être aſſûré que je dois craindre Dieu & lui obéir : & cette Propoſition ſera certaine à l’égard de l’Homme en général, ſi j’ai formé une idée abſtraite d’une telle Eſpèce dont je ſuis un ſujet particulier. Mais quelque certaine que ſoit cette Propoſition, Les hommes doivent craindre Dieu & lui obéir, elle ne me prouve pourtant pas l’exiſtence des hommes dans le Monde ; mais elle ſera véritable à l’égard de toutes ces ſortes de Créatures dès qu’elles viennent à exiſter. La certitude de ces Propoſitions générales dépend de la convenance ou de la disconvenance qu’on peut découvrir dans ces Idées abſtraites.",
            "translator": "Pierre Coste",
            "edition": "Pierre Mortier, Amsterdam, 1735, third edition",
            "source_id": "wikisource-rev-14176343",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
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