{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "plato.epistles",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/epistles/reference-341/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Letters Attributed to Plato",
    "author": "Plato",
    "date": "4th-3rd centuries BCE; authenticity varies by letter",
    "summary": "Letters transmitted under Plato’s name discuss Syracuse, political counsel, friendship, and life around the Academy. Authenticity is debated item by item; the collection should not be read as uniformly secure personal correspondence.",
    "learning": "Distinguish individual letters, understand criteria in authenticity debates, and avoid building biography on unqualified attribution.",
    "long_summary": "The Seventh Letter develops an account of engagement with Dion and Syracuse’s tyrants while claiming that the highest philosophical knowledge cannot simply be fixed in writing. Other items advise, justify, or maintain alliances.\n\nStyle, chronology, and transmission have produced divergent scholarly verdicts, with several letters widely regarded as spurious. Biographical or doctrinal use therefore depends on explicit attribution. The collective title marks manuscript tradition, not guaranteed authorship of every text.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Classical Greek world, 5th century BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water.",
        "science": "Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments.",
        "medicine": "Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common.",
        "transport": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies.",
        "agriculture": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war.",
        "communication": "Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media.",
        "clothing": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water. Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments. Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies. Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/epistles/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 55,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "15eeb07d3311e8a616054ef4a06a43dedab52eef7fb548e2307862217e19022b",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-epistles-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/epistles/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 55,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "346869745c0be3a610ae63a02d2d94f6e2b46c0c21e1e5152913b592ff921ee8",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-epistles-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/epistles/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 55,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "6bb618589e867fc6260a0606e685e608aca4c8a06f4da52712380d37d6b72f34",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-epistles-fr-01"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "aponia",
            "label": "Aponia"
        },
        {
            "id": "beneficence",
            "label": "Beneficence"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "dialectic",
            "label": "Dialectic"
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "judgment",
            "label": "Judgment"
        },
        {
            "id": "knowledge",
            "label": "Knowledge"
        },
        {
            "id": "messiah",
            "label": "Messiah"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "pleasure",
            "label": "Pleasure"
        },
        {
            "id": "political_union",
            "label": "Political union"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "salvation",
            "label": "Salvation"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "truth",
            "label": "Truth"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "plato.epistles"
    ],
    "passages": 55,
    "word_count": 23675,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 23675,
        "fr": 22079,
        "grc": 15641
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "plato-stephanus-page-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "stephanus_page",
                "label_fr": "Page Stephanus",
                "label_en": "Stephanus page"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:plato.epistles:341",
    "canonical_ref": "341",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ἔνιοι δὲ αὐτῶν πείθουσιν αὑτοὺς ὡς ἱκανῶς ἀκηκοότες εἰσὶν τὸ ὅλον, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔτι δέονταί τινων πραγμάτων. ἡ μὲν δὴ πεῖρα αὕτη γίγνεται ἡ σαφής τε καὶ ἀσφαλεστάτη πρὸς τοὺς τρυφῶντάς τε καὶ ἀδυνάτους διαπονεῖν, ὡς μηδέποτε βαλεῖν ἐν αἰτίᾳ τὸν δεικνύντα ἀλλʼ αὐτὸν αὑτόν, μὴ δυνάμενον πάντα τὰ πρόσφορα ἐπιτηδεύειν τῷ πράγματι. οὕτω δὴ καὶ Διονυσίῳ τότʼ ἐρρήθη τὰ ῥηθέντα. πάντα μὲν οὖν οὔτʼ ἐγὼ διεξῆλθον οὔτε Διονύσιος ἐδεῖτο· πολλὰ γὰρ αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ μέγιστα εἰδέναι τε καὶ ἱκανῶς ἔχειν προσεποιεῖτο διὰ τὰς ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων παρακοάς. ὕστερον δὲ καὶ ἀκούω γεγραφέναι αὐτὸν περὶ ὧν τότε ἤκουσε, συνθέντα ὡς αὑτοῦ τέχνην, οὐδὲν τῶν αὐτῶν ὧν ἀκούοι· οἶδα δὲ οὐδὲν τούτων. ἄλλους μέν τινας οἶδα γεγραφότας περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων, οἵτινες δέ, οὐδʼ αὐτοὶ αὑτούς. τοσόνδε γε μὴν περὶ πάντων ἔχω φράζειν τῶν γεγραφότων καὶ γραψόντων, ὅσοι φασὶν εἰδέναι περὶ ὧν ἐγὼ σπουδάζω, εἴτʼ ἐμοῦ ἀκηκοότες εἴτʼ ἄλλων εἴθʼ ὡς εὑρόντες αὐτοί· τούτους οὐκ ἔστιν κατά γε τὴν ἐμὴν δόξαν περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἐπαΐειν οὐδέν. οὔκουν ἐμόν γε περὶ αὐτῶν ἔστιν σύγγραμμα οὐδὲ μήποτε γένηται· ῥητὸν γὰρ οὐδαμῶς ἐστιν ὡς ἄλλα μαθήματα, ἀλλʼ ἐκ πολλῆς συνουσίας γιγνομένης περὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα αὐτὸ καὶ τοῦ συζῆν ἐξαίφνης, οἷον ἀπὸ πυρὸς πηδήσαντος ἐξαφθὲν φῶς, ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ γενόμενον αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ ἤδη τρέφει. καίτοι τοσόνδε γε οἶδα, ὅτι γραφέντα ἢ λεχθέντα ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ βέλτιστʼ ἂν λεχθείη· καὶ μὴν ὅτι γεγραμμένα κακῶς οὐχ ἥκιστʼ ἂν ἐμὲ λυποῖ. εἰ δέ μοι ἐφαίνετο γραπτέα θʼ ἱκανῶς εἶναι πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς καὶ ῥητά, τί τούτου κάλλιον ἐπέπρακτʼ ἂν ἡμῖν ἐν τῷ βίῳ ἢ τοῖς τε ἀνθρώποισι μέγα ὄφελος γράψαι καὶ τὴν φύσιν εἰς φῶς πᾶσιν προαγαγεῖν;",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-epistles-grc",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-epistles-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "while some of them persuade themselves that they have been sufficiently instructed in the whole subject and no longer require any further effort. Now this test proves the clearest and most infallible in dealing with those who are luxurious and incapable of enduring labor, since it prevents any of them from ever casting the blame on his instructor instead of on himself and his own inability to pursue all the studies which are accessory to his subject. This, then, was the purport of what I said to Dionysius on that occasion. I did not, however, expound the matter fully, nor did Dionysius ask me to do so; for he claimed that he himself knew many of the most important doctrines and was sufficiently informed owing to the versions he had heard from his other teachers. And I am even told that later on he himself wrote a treatise on the subjects in which I then instructed him, composing it as though it were something of his own invention and quite different from what he had heard; but of all this I know nothing. I know indeed that certain others have written about these same subjects; but what manner of men they are not even themselves know. But thus much I can certainly declare concerning all these writers, or prospective writers, who claim to know the subjects which I seriously study, whether as hearers of mine or of other teachers, or from their own discoveries; it is impossible, in my judgement at least, that these men should understand anything about this subject. There does not exist, nor will there ever exist, any treatise of mine dealing therewith. For it does not at all admit of verbal expression like other studies, but, as a result of continued application to the subject itself and communion therewith, it is brought to birth in the soul on a sudden, as light that is kindled by a leaping spark, and thereafter it nourishes itself. Notwithstanding, of thus much I am certain, that the best statement of these doctrines in writing or in speech would be my own statement; and further, that if they should be badly stated in writing, it is I who would be the person most deeply pained. And if I had thought that these subjects ought to be fully stated in writing or in speech to the public, what nobler action could I have performed in my life than that of writing what is of great benefit to mankind and bringing forth to the light for all men the nature of reality?",
            "translator": "Benjamin Jowett",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-epistles-en",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-epistles-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "[341a] force de la commencer. Quelques-uns s’imaginent bientôt avoir tout suffisamment entendu, et qu’ils n’ont plus besoin de nouvelles connaissances. C’est là l’épreuve la plus sûre et la plus décisive à laquelle on puisse soumettre les hommes amis des plaisirs et incapables de travailler. Après cet essai, un homme ne peut accuser que lui, et jamais son maître, de l’impuissance où il est de faire ce que la chose exige. Ce fut la méthode que j’employai avec Denys, et je n’eus pas même besoin [341b] avec lui de la pousser jusqu’au bout. Il croyait avoir appris les choses les plus importantes des philosophes qu’il avait écoutés, et j’ai su depuis qu’il avait dans la suite écrit tout ce qu’il avait entendu alors, en le donnant comme une œuvre qui lui était propre et non le résultat des leçons qu’il avait reçues : cependant je ne sais rien de certain là-dessus ; mais je sais très positivement qu’il a paru d’autres écrits sur le même sujet, dont les auteurs ne se comprennent point eux-mêmes. Pour ceux qui ont écrit ou [341c] écriront ce qu’ils croient être mes véritables principes, qu’ils prétendent les avoir appris de moi-même ou d’autres, ou même les avoir découverts par leurs propres efforts, je déclare qu’à mon avis ils n’en peuvent savoir un mot. Je n’ai jamais rien écrit et je n’écrirai jamais rien sur ces matières. Cette science ne s’enseigne pas comme les autres avec des mots ; mais, après un long commerce, une vie passée ensemble dans la méditation de ces mêmes choses, elle jaillit tout-à-coup comme une étincelle [341d], et devient pour l’âme un aliment qui la soutient à lui seul, sans autre secours. Je sais bien que mes écrits ou mes paroles ne seraient pas sans mérite ; s’ils étaient mauvais, j’en aurais un grand chagrin. Si j’avais cru qu’il était bon de livrer cette science au peuple par mes écrits ou par mes paroles, qu’aurais-je pu faire de mieux dans ma vie que d’écrire une chose si utile aux hommes, et de faire connaître [341e] à tous les merveilles de la nature ? Mais je crois que de tels enseignements ne conviennent qu’au petit nombre d’hommes qui, sur de premières indications, savent eux-mêmes découvrir la vérité. Quant aux autres, on ne ferait que leur inspirer un fâcheux mépris, ou les remplir de la vaine et superbe confiance",
            "translator": "Victor Cousin",
            "edition": "wikisource-cousin-epistles-fr-01",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-epistles-fr-01",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "5ca6a97e8d955dd383711e71e7dae0a28e8c3f2d5527f8e65f999df379ff9a0f"
}