{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "socrates.plato_apology",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/plato-apology/reference-39/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Socrates in Plato’s Apology",
    "author": "Plato",
    "date": "c. 399-390 BCE",
    "summary": "Plato’s witness stages Socrates defending a life of examination against charges of impiety and corruption. His oracle-related mission, questioning of Meletus, and refusal to flatter construct a philosophical portrait under judicial pressure.",
    "learning": "Reconstruct Socrates’ courtroom self-portrait, distinguish speaker from author, and compare philosophical mission, civic charge, and Platonic memory.",
    "long_summary": "This Socrates-centred projection follows what he says about ignorance, interlocutors, and the divine sign, then his decision not to abandon examination to save his life. Speech after conviction joins integrity, death, and hope without removing uncertainty.\n\nPlato authors the composition and Socrates is its represented speaker. The text is not a verifiable trial transcript. Its documentary force lies in close, committed memory to be compared with Xenophon and Aristophanes rather than confused with the unmediated historical Socrates.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Classical Greek world, 5th century BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water.",
        "science": "Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments.",
        "medicine": "Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common.",
        "transport": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies.",
        "agriculture": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war.",
        "communication": "Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media.",
        "clothing": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water. Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments. Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies. Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_apology/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 26,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "ba61f6f805937d28adbc38530b13850dea06153411ef45a85851fae1315c9267",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-apology-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_apology/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 26,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "49501a3b3a14b152c092a52964c861b0a412e7d38fbbc5eb73d13a64539eb316",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-apology-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_apology/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 26,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "ce77352f714462f1f83fb85a224699bb6606b50388f2f16fe15123e28d8da13e",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-apology-fr-01"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "accountability",
            "label": "Moral accountability"
        },
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "elenchus",
            "label": "Elenchus"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship"
        },
        {
            "id": "honestum_and_utility",
            "label": "Moral rightness and utility"
        },
        {
            "id": "hope",
            "label": "Hope"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "li_ritual_propriety",
            "label": "Li, ritual propriety"
        },
        {
            "id": "liberation",
            "label": "Liberation"
        },
        {
            "id": "mercy",
            "label": "Mercy"
        },
        {
            "id": "mode",
            "label": "Mode"
        },
        {
            "id": "prophecy",
            "label": "Prophecy"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "salvation",
            "label": "Salvation"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        },
        {
            "id": "truth",
            "label": "Truth"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_peace",
            "label": "War and peace"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "socrates.plato_apology"
    ],
    "passages": 26,
    "word_count": 11771,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 11771,
        "fr": 13046,
        "grc": 8750
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "carrier-explicit-ancient-reference-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "reference",
                "label_fr": "Référence",
                "label_en": "Reference"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:socrates.plato_apology:39",
    "canonical_ref": "39",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "οὔτε γὰρ ἐν δίκῃ οὔτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ οὔτʼ ἐμὲ οὔτʼ ἄλλον οὐδένα δεῖ τοῦτο μηχανᾶσθαι, ὅπως ἀποφεύξεται πᾶν ποιῶν θάνατον. καὶ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις πολλάκις δῆλον γίγνεται ὅτι τό γε ἀποθανεῖν ἄν τις ἐκφύγοι καὶ ὅπλα ἀφεὶς καὶ ἐφʼ ἱκετείαν τραπόμενος τῶν διωκόντων· καὶ ἄλλαι μηχαναὶ πολλαί εἰσιν ἐν ἑκάστοις τοῖς κινδύνοις ὥστε διαφεύγειν θάνατον, ἐάν τις τολμᾷ πᾶν ποιεῖν καὶ λέγειν. ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐ τοῦτʼ ᾖ χαλεπόν, ὦ ἄνδρες, θάνατον ἐκφυγεῖν, ἀλλὰ πολὺ χαλεπώτερον πονηρίαν· θᾶττον γὰρ θανάτου θεῖ. καὶ νῦν ἐγὼ μὲν ἅτε βραδὺς ὢν καὶ πρεσβύτης ὑπὸ τοῦ βραδυτέρου ἑάλων, οἱ δʼ ἐμοὶ κατήγοροι ἅτε δεινοὶ καὶ ὀξεῖς ὄντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θάττονος, τῆς κακίας. καὶ νῦν ἐγὼ μὲν ἄπειμι ὑφʼ ὑμῶν θανάτου δίκην ὀφλών, οὗτοι δʼ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας ὠφληκότες μοχθηρίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν. καὶ ἐγώ τε τῷ τιμήματι ἐμμένω καὶ οὗτοι. ταῦτα μέν που ἴσως οὕτως καὶ ἔδει σχεῖν, καὶ οἶμαι αὐτὰ μετρίως ἔχειν. τὸ δὲ δὴ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐπιθυμῶ ὑμῖν χρησμῳδῆσαι, ὦ καταψηφισάμενοί μου· καὶ γάρ εἰμι ἤδη ἐνταῦθα ἐν ᾧ μάλιστα ἄνθρωποι χρησμῳδοῦσιν, ὅταν μέλλωσιν ἀποθανεῖσθαι. φημὶ γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες οἳ ἐμὲ ἀπεκτόνατε, τιμωρίαν ὑμῖν ἥξειν εὐθὺς μετὰ τὸν ἐμὸν θάνατον πολὺ χαλεπωτέραν νὴ Δία ἢ οἵαν ἐμὲ ἀπεκτόνατε· νῦν γὰρ τοῦτο εἴργασθε οἰόμενοι μὲν ἀπαλλάξεσθαι τοῦ διδόναι ἔλεγχον τοῦ βίου, τὸ δὲ ὑμῖν πολὺ ἐναντίον ἀποβήσεται, ὡς ἐγώ φημι. πλείους ἔσονται ὑμᾶς οἱ ἐλέγχοντες, οὓς νῦν ἐγὼ κατεῖχον, ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ᾐσθάνεσθε· καὶ χαλεπώτεροι ἔσονται ὅσῳ νεώτεροί εἰσιν, καὶ ὑμεῖς μᾶλλον ἀγανακτήσετε. εἰ γὰρ οἴεσθε ἀποκτείνοντες ἀνθρώπους ἐπισχήσειν τοῦ ὀνειδίζειν τινὰ ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθῶς ζῆτε, οὐ καλῶς διανοεῖσθε· οὐ γάρ ἐσθʼ αὕτη ἡ ἀπαλλαγὴ οὔτε πάνυ δυνατὴ οὔτε καλή, ἀλλʼ ἐκείνη καὶ καλλίστη καὶ ῥᾴστη, μὴ τοὺς ἄλλους κολούειν ἀλλʼ ἑαυτὸν παρασκευάζειν ὅπως ἔσται ὡς βέλτιστος. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὑμῖν τοῖς καταψηφισαμένοις μαντευσάμενος ἀπαλλάττομαι. τοῖς δὲ ἀποψηφισαμένοις ἡδέως ἂν διαλεχθείην ὑπὲρ τοῦ γεγονότος τουτουῒ πράγματος, ἐν ᾧ οἱ ἄρχοντες ἀσχολίαν ἄγουσι καὶ οὔπω ἔρχομαι οἷ ἐλθόντα με δεῖ τεθνάναι. ἀλλά μοι, ὦ ἄνδρες, παραμείνατε τοσοῦτον χρόνον· οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύει διαμυθολογῆσαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἕως ἔξεστιν.",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-apology-grc",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-apology-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "For neither in the court nor in war ought I or any other man to plan to escape death by every possible means. In battles it is often plain that a man might avoid death by throwing down his arms and begging mercy of his pursuers; and there are many other means of escaping death in dangers of various kinds if one is willing to do and say anything. But, gentlemen, it is not hard to escape death; it is much harder to escape wickedness, for that runs faster than death. And now I, since I am slow and old, am caught by the slower runner, and my accusers, who are clever and quick, by the faster, wickedness. And now I shall go away convicted by you and sentenced to death, and they go convicted by truth of villainy and wrong. And I abide by my penalty, and they by theirs. Perhaps these things had to be so, and I think they are well. And now I wish to prophesy to you, O ye who have condemned me; for I am now at the time when men most do prophesy, the time just before death. And I say to you, ye men who have slain me, that punishment will come upon you straight-way after my death, far more grievous in sooth than the punishment of death which you have meted out to me. For now you have done this to me because you hoped that you would be relieved from rendering an account of your lives, but I say that you will find the result far different. Those who will force you to give an account will be more numerous than heretofore; men whom I restrained, though you knew it not; and they will be harsher, inasmuch as they are younger, and you will be more annoyed. For if you think that by putting men to death you will prevent anyone from reproaching you because you do not act as you should, you are mistaken. That mode of escape is neither possible at all nor honorable, but the easiest and most honorable escape is not by suppressing others, but by making yourselves as good as possible. So with this prophecy to you who condemned me I take my leave. But with those who voted for my acquittal I should like to converse about this which has happened, while the authorities are busy and before I go to the place where I must die. Wait with me so long, my friends; for nothing prevents our chatting with each other while there is time.",
            "translator": "Benjamin Jowett",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-apology-en",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-apology-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "[39a] sait qu’à la guerre il serait très facile de sauver sa vie, en jetant ses armes, et en demandant quartier à ceux qui vous poursuivent ; de même dans tous les dangers, on trouve mille expédients pour éviter la mort, quand on est décidé à tout dire et à tout faire. Eh ! ce n’est pas là ce qui est difficile, Athéniens, que d’éviter la mort ; [39b] mais il l’est beaucoup d’éviter le crime ; il court plus vite que la mort. C’est pourquoi, vieux et pesant comme je suis, je me suis laissé atteindre par le plus lent des deux, tandis que le plus agile, le crime, s’est attaché à mes accusateurs, qui ont de la vigueur et de la légèreté. Je m’en vais donc subir la mort à laquelle vous m’avez condamné, et eux l’iniquité et l’infamie à laquelle la vérité les condamne. Pour moi, je m’en tiens à ma peine, et eux à la leur. En effet, peut-être est-ce ainsi que les choses devaient se passer, et, selon moi, tout est pour le mieux. [39c] Après cela, ô vous qui m’avez condamné voici ce que j’ose vous prédire ; car je suis précisément dans les circonstances où les hommes lisent dans l’avenir, au moment de quitter la vie. Je vous dis donc que si vous me faites périr, vous en serez punis aussitôt après ma mort par une peine bien plus cruelle que celle à laquelle vous me condamnez ; en effet, vous ne me faites mourir que pour vous délivrer de l’importun fardeau de rendre compte de votre vie ; mais il vous arrivera tout le contraire, je vous le prédis. [39d] Il va s’élever contre vous un bien plus grand nombre de censeurs que je retenais sans que vous vous en aperçussiez ; censeurs d’autant plus difficiles, qu’ils sont plus jeunes, et vous n’en serez que plus irrités ; car si vous pensez qu’en tuant les gens, vous empêcherez qu’on vous reproche de mal vivre, vous vous trompez. Cette manière de se délivrer de ses censeurs n’est ni honnête ni possible : celle qui est en même temps et la plus honnête et la plus facile, c’est, au lieu de fermer la bouche aux autres, de se rendre meilleur soi-même. Voilà ce que j’avais à prédire à ceux qui m’ont condamné : il ne me reste qu’à prendre congé d’eux. [39e] Mais pour vous, qui m’avez absous par vos suffrages, Athéniens, je m’entretiendrai volontiers avec vous sur ce qui vient de se passer, pendant que les magistrats sont occupés, et qu’on ne me mène pas encore où je dois mourir. Arrêtez-vous donc quelques instants, et employons à converser ensemble le temps qu’on me laisse.",
            "translator": "Victor Cousin",
            "edition": "wikisource-cousin-apology-fr-01",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-apology-fr-01",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "0b7be0675f7353dda042830371b0fc5d081b3f2eeff75c3b5b5a3151939e8482"
}