{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "socrates.plato_republic",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/plato-republic/reference-357/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Socrates in Plato’s Republic",
    "author": "Plato",
    "date": "c. 390-370 BCE",
    "summary": "In the Republic, Plato gives Socrates construction of a city in speech to answer the challenge that injustice pays. The questioner of the opening exchanges also becomes narrator of highly developed educational, political, and metaphysical models.",
    "learning": "Distinguish questioning Socrates from the spokesman for Platonic constructions, follow his argument about justice, and limit biographical use of the dialogue.",
    "long_summary": "Socrates refutes Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus before Glaucon and Adeimantus ask why justice matters in itself. He then develops guardians, philosopher-rulers, tripartite soul, Form of the Good, cave, and succession of regimes.\n\nThe reach of this voice exceeds what other witnesses attribute to historical Socrates and strongly carries Plato’s project. Distinctions among character, literary spokesman, and biographical source are therefore essential. The dialogue illuminates philosophical reception of Socrates without making him author of the treatise.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Classical Greek world, 5th century BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water.",
        "science": "Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments.",
        "medicine": "Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common.",
        "transport": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies.",
        "agriculture": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war.",
        "communication": "Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media.",
        "clothing": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water. Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments. Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies. Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "7dc449701aaf1ffec8fef2d39ff32ca385e4dc0a42829d12deec6e91090e910d",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "d79b0d6967d5052225c6a8748c8e3d33a81a673fa92ebcf9be18c5be47b2e8f9",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "420324474282df8deeb6178ab08ad7dfcd5f64b59be266f723f73f245548f5a2",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic_fr_carrier/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "3dad3261b9d11f8139720d01ccef6673232d6f64a393bd2a363d905a448dfa62",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-republic-fr-01"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic_fr_carrier/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "a63869d4fe5b145b888bb735902551580d841ad6f397e95b4271b7270f562248",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "abandonment",
            "label": "Abandonment"
        },
        {
            "id": "aporia",
            "label": "Aporia"
        },
        {
            "id": "beneficence",
            "label": "Beneficence"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "desire",
            "label": "Desire"
        },
        {
            "id": "elenchus",
            "label": "Elenchus"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "love",
            "label": "Love"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_training",
            "label": "Philosophical training"
        },
        {
            "id": "pleasure",
            "label": "Pleasure"
        },
        {
            "id": "prudent_choice",
            "label": "Prudent choice of pleasures"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "salvation",
            "label": "Salvation"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_peace",
            "label": "War and peace"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "socrates.plato_republic",
        "socrates.plato_republic_fr_carrier"
    ],
    "passages": 278,
    "word_count": 124617,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 124617,
        "fr": 120751,
        "grc": 88484
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "carrier-explicit-ancient-reference-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "reference",
                "label_fr": "Référence",
                "label_en": "Reference"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:socrates.plato_republic:357",
    "canonical_ref": "357",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα εἰπὼν ᾤμην λόγου ἀπηλλάχθαι· τὸ δʼ ἦν ἄρα, ὡς ἔοικε, προοίμιον. ὁ γὰρ Γλαύκων ἀεί τε δὴ ἀνδρειότατος ὢν τυγχάνει πρὸς ἅπαντα, καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε τοῦ Θρασυμάχου τὴν ἀπόρρησιν οὐκ ἀπεδέξατο, ἀλλʼ ἔφη· ὦ Σώκρατες, πότερον ἡμᾶς βούλει δοκεῖν πεπεικέναι ἢ ὡς ἀληθῶς πεῖσαι ὅτι παντὶ τρόπῳ ἄμεινόν ἐστιν δίκαιον εἶναι ἢ ἄδικον; ὡς ἀληθῶς, εἶπον, ἔγωγʼ ἂν ἑλοίμην, εἰ ἐπʼ ἐμοὶ εἴη. οὐ τοίνυν, ἔφη, ποιεῖς ὃ βούλει. λέγε γάρ μοι· ἆρά σοι δοκεῖ τοιόνδε τι εἶναι ἀγαθόν, ὃ δεξαίμεθʼ ἂν ἔχειν οὐ τῶν ἀποβαινόντων ἐφιέμενοι, ἀλλʼ αὐτὸ αὑτοῦ ἕνεκα ἀσπαζόμενοι, οἷον τὸ χαίρειν καὶ αἱ ἡδοναὶ ὅσαι ἀβλαβεῖς καὶ μηδὲν εἰς τὸν ἔπειτα χρόνον διὰ ταύτας γίγνεται ἄλλο ἢ χαίρειν ἔχοντα; ἔμοιγε, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, δοκεῖ τι εἶναι τοιοῦτον. τί δέ; ὃ αὐτό τε αὑτοῦ χάριν ἀγαπῶμεν καὶ τῶν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ γιγνομένων, οἷον αὖ τὸ φρονεῖν καὶ τὸ ὁρᾶν καὶ τὸ ὑγιαίνειν; τὰ γὰρ τοιαῦτά που διʼ ἀμφότερα ἀσπαζόμεθα. ναί, εἶπον. τρίτον δὲ ὁρᾷς τι, ἔφη, εἶδος ἀγαθοῦ, ἐν ᾧ τὸ γυμνάζεσθαι καὶ τὸ κάμνοντα ἰατρεύεσθαι καὶ ἰάτρευσίς τε καὶ ὁ ἄλλος χρηματισμός; ταῦτα γὰρ ἐπίπονα φαῖμεν ἄν, ὠφελεῖν δὲ ἡμᾶς, καὶ αὐτὰ μὲν ἑαυτῶν ἕνεκα οὐκ ἂν δεξαίμεθα ἔχειν, τῶν δὲ μισθῶν τε χάριν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα γίγνεται ἀπʼ αὐτῶν. ἔστιν γὰρ οὖν, ἔφην, καὶ τοῦτο τρίτον. ἀλλὰ τί δή; ἐν ποίῳ, ἔφη, τούτων τὴν δικαιοσύνην τιθεῖς;",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-republic-grc",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "When I had said this I supposed that I was done with the subject, but it all turned out to be only a prelude. For Glaucon, who is always an intrepid enterprising spirit in everything, would not on this occasion acquiesce in Thrasymachus’s abandonment of his case, but said, Socrates, is it your desire to seem to have persuaded us or really to persuade us that it is without exception better to be just than unjust? Really, I said, if the choice rested with me. Well, then, you are not doing what you wish. For tell me: do you agree that there is a kind of good which we would choose to possess, not from desire for its after effects, but welcoming it for its own sake? As, for example, joy and such pleasures are harmless and nothing results from them afterwards save to have and to hold the enjoyment. I recognise that kind, said I. And again a kind that we love both for its own sake and for its consequences, such as understanding, sight, and health? For these presume we welcome for both reasons. Yes, I said. And can you discern a third form of good under which falls exercise and being healed when sick and the art of healing and the making of money generally? For of them we would say that they are laborious and painful yet beneficial, and for their own sake we would not accept them, but only for the rewards and other benefits that accrue from them. Why yes, I said, I must admit this third class also. But what of it? In which of these classes do you place justice? he said.",
            "translator": "Benjamin Jowett",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-republic-en",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Lorsque j’eus dit cela, je crus en avoir fini avec le sujet, mais tout cela se révéla n’être qu’un prélude. Car Glaucon, toujours intrépide et entreprenant en toute chose, ne voulut pas cette fois accepter que Thrasymaque abandonnât sa cause. Il dit : « Socrate, désires-tu nous donner l’impression de nous avoir persuadés, ou nous persuader réellement qu’il est, sans exception, meilleur d’être juste qu’injuste ? » « Vous persuader réellement, dis-je, si le choix dépendait de moi. » « Eh bien, tu ne fais pas ce que tu désires. Dis-moi en effet : reconnais-tu qu’il existe une sorte de bien que nous choisirions de posséder, non par désir de ses effets ultérieurs, mais que nous accueillons pour lui-même ? Par exemple, la joie et les plaisirs de cette sorte, qui sont inoffensifs et dont il ne résulte ensuite rien d’autre que la jouissance que l’on en possède. » « Je reconnais cette sorte de bien », dis-je. « Et une autre sorte que nous aimons à la fois pour elle-même et pour ses conséquences, comme l’intelligence, la vue et la santé ? Car nous les accueillons, je présume, pour ces deux raisons. » « Oui », dis-je. « Et peux-tu discerner une troisième forme de bien, sous laquelle se rangent l’exercice, le traitement d’une maladie, l’art de guérir et, en général, l’acquisition d’argent ? Nous dirions de ces choses qu’elles sont pénibles et douloureuses, mais profitables, et nous ne les accepterions pas pour elles-mêmes, seulement pour les récompenses et les autres avantages qui en découlent. » « Oui, dis-je, je dois également admettre cette troisième classe. Mais où veux-tu en venir ? » « Dans laquelle de ces classes places-tu la justice ? » demanda-t-il.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "6d1cd5482ee37eb8fb5c7ec926e993534e44bb2cd1800707f62a92dde515bacf"
}