{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "socrates.plato_republic",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/plato-republic/reference-386/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Socrates in Plato’s Republic",
    "author": "Plato",
    "date": "c. 390-370 BCE",
    "summary": "In the Republic, Plato gives Socrates construction of a city in speech to answer the challenge that injustice pays. The questioner of the opening exchanges also becomes narrator of highly developed educational, political, and metaphysical models.",
    "learning": "Distinguish questioning Socrates from the spokesman for Platonic constructions, follow his argument about justice, and limit biographical use of the dialogue.",
    "long_summary": "Socrates refutes Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus before Glaucon and Adeimantus ask why justice matters in itself. He then develops guardians, philosopher-rulers, tripartite soul, Form of the Good, cave, and succession of regimes.\n\nThe reach of this voice exceeds what other witnesses attribute to historical Socrates and strongly carries Plato’s project. Distinctions among character, literary spokesman, and biographical source are therefore essential. The dialogue illuminates philosophical reception of Socrates without making him author of the treatise.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Classical Greek world, 5th century BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water.",
        "science": "Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments.",
        "medicine": "Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common.",
        "transport": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies.",
        "agriculture": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war.",
        "communication": "Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media.",
        "clothing": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water. Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments. Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies. Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "original_carrier",
            "sha256": "7dc449701aaf1ffec8fef2d39ff32ca385e4dc0a42829d12deec6e91090e910d",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "d79b0d6967d5052225c6a8748c8e3d33a81a673fa92ebcf9be18c5be47b2e8f9",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 278,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "420324474282df8deeb6178ab08ad7dfcd5f64b59be266f723f73f245548f5a2",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic_fr_carrier/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "3dad3261b9d11f8139720d01ccef6673232d6f64a393bd2a363d905a448dfa62",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-republic-fr-01"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/socrates/plato_republic_fr_carrier/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "a63869d4fe5b145b888bb735902551580d841ad6f397e95b4271b7270f562248",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "courage",
            "label": "Courage"
        },
        {
            "id": "death",
            "label": "Death"
        },
        {
            "id": "education",
            "label": "Education"
        },
        {
            "id": "elenchus",
            "label": "Elenchus"
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field"
        },
        {
            "id": "faith",
            "label": "Faith"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "fear",
            "label": "Fear"
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship"
        },
        {
            "id": "god",
            "label": "God"
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_training",
            "label": "Philosophical training"
        },
        {
            "id": "poverty_wealth",
            "label": "Poverty and wealth"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "slavery",
            "label": "Slavery"
        },
        {
            "id": "spirit",
            "label": "Spirit"
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_peace",
            "label": "War and peace"
        },
        {
            "id": "wisdom",
            "label": "Wisdom"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "socrates.plato_republic",
        "socrates.plato_republic_fr_carrier"
    ],
    "passages": 278,
    "word_count": 124617,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 124617,
        "fr": 120751,
        "grc": 88484
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "carrier-explicit-ancient-reference-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "reference",
                "label_fr": "Référence",
                "label_en": "Reference"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:socrates.plato_republic:386",
    "canonical_ref": "386",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ θεούς, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τοιαῦτʼ ἄττα, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἀκουστέον τε καὶ οὐκ ἀκουστέον εὐθὺς ἐκ παίδων τοῖς θεούς τε τιμήσουσιν καὶ γονέας τήν τε ἀλλήλων φιλίαν μὴ περὶ σμικροῦ ποιησομένοις. καὶ οἶμαί γʼ, ἔφη, ὀρθῶς ἡμῖν φαίνεσθαι. τί δὲ δὴ εἰ μέλλουσιν εἶναι ἀνδρεῖοι; ἆρα οὐ ταῦτά τε λεκτέον καὶ οἷα αὐτοὺς ποιῆσαι ἥκιστα τὸν θάνατον δεδιέναι; ἢ ἡγῇ τινά ποτʼ ἂν γενέσθαι ἀνδρεῖον ἔχοντα ἐν αὑτῷ τοῦτο τὸ δεῖμα; μὰ Δία, ἦ δʼ ὅς, οὐκ ἔγωγε. τί δέ; τἀν Ἅιδου ἡγούμενον εἶναί τε καὶ δεινὰ εἶναι οἴει τινὰ θανάτου ἀδεῆ ἔσεσθαι καὶ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις αἱρήσεσθαι πρὸ ἥττης τε καὶ δουλείας θάνατον; οὐδαμῶς. δεῖ δή, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἡμᾶς ἐπιστατεῖν καὶ περὶ τούτων τῶν μύθων τοῖς ἐπιχειροῦσιν λέγειν, καὶ δεῖσθαι μὴ λοιδορεῖν ἁπλῶς οὕτως τὰ ἐν Ἅιδου ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἐπαινεῖν, ὡς οὔτε ἀληθῆ ἂν λέγοντας οὔτε ὠφέλιμα τοῖς μέλλουσιν μαχίμοις ἔσεσθαι. δεῖ μέντοι, ἔφη. ἐξαλείψομεν ἄρα, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἀπὸ τοῦδε τοῦ ἔπους ἀρξάμενοι πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα— βουλοίμην κʼ ἐπάρουρος ἐὼν θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ ἀνδρὶ παρʼ ἀκλήρῳ, ᾧ μὴ βίοτος πολὺς εἴη ἢ πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι καταφθιμένοισιν ἀνάσσειν Aesch. Frag. 350 καὶ τὸ— οἰκία δὲ θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισι φανείη σμερδαλέʼ, εὐρώεντα, τά τε στυγέουσι θεοί περ Hom. Il. 20.64 καὶ— ὢ πόποι, ἦ ῥά τις ἔστι καὶ εἰν Ἀΐδαο δόμοισιν ψυχὴ καὶ εἴδωλον, ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι πάμπαν Hom. Od. 10.495 καὶ τὸ— οἴῳ πεπνῦσθαι, ταὶ δὲ σκιαὶ ἀΐσσουσι Hom. Il. 23.103 καὶ— ψυχὴ δʼ ἐκ ῥεθέων πταμένη Ἄϊδόσδε βεβήκει, ὃν πότμον γοόωσα, λιποῦσʼ ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην Hom. Il. 16.856",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-republic-grc",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Concerning the gods then, said I, this is the sort of thing that we must allow or not allow them to hear from childhood up, if they are to honor the gods and their fathers and mothers, and not to hold their friendship with one another in light esteem. That was our view and I believe it right. What then of this? If they are to be brave, must we not extend our prescription to include also the sayings that will make them least likely to fear death? Or do you suppose that anyone could ever become brave who had that dread in his heart? No indeed, I do not, he replied. And again if he believes in the reality of the underworld and its terrors, do you think that any man will be fearless of death and in battle will prefer death to defeat and slavery? By no means. Then it seems we must exercise supervision also, in the matter of such tales as these, over those who undertake to supply them and request them not to dispraise in this undiscriminating fashion the life in Hades but rather praise it, since what they now tell us is neither true nor edifying to men who are destined to be warriors. Yes, we must, he said. Then, said I, beginning with this verse we will expunge everything of the same kind: Liefer were I in the fields up above to be serf to another Tiller of some poor plot which yields him a scanty subsistence, Than to be ruler and king over all the dead who have perished, Aesch. Frag. 350 and this: Lest unto men and immortals the homes of the dead be uncovered Horrible, noisome, dank, that the gods too hold in abhorrence, Hom. Il. 20.64 and: Ah me! so it is true that e’en in the dwellings of Hades Spirit there is and wraith, but within there is no understanding, Hom. Il. 10.495 and this: Sole to have wisdom and wit, but the others are shadowy phantoms, Hom. Il. 23.103 and: Forth from his limbs unwilling his spirit flitted to Hades, Wailing its doom and its lustihood lost and the May of its manhood, Hom. Il. 16.856",
            "translator": "Benjamin Jowett",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-republic-en",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-republic-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Concernant les dieux, dis-je alors, voilà donc le genre de choses que nous devons permettre ou ne pas permettre qu’ils entendent dès l’enfance, s’ils doivent honorer les dieux ainsi que leurs pères et leurs mères, et ne pas tenir en piètre estime l’amitié qui les unit. Telle était notre opinion, et je la crois juste. Qu’en est-il maintenant de ceci ? S’ils doivent être courageux, ne devons-nous pas étendre nos prescriptions aux paroles qui les rendront le moins susceptibles de craindre la mort ? Ou supposes-tu que quelqu’un puisse jamais devenir courageux s’il porte cette crainte dans son cœur ? Non, certes, je ne le suppose pas, répondit-il. Et s’il croit à la réalité du monde souterrain et de ses terreurs, penses-tu qu’un homme puisse ne pas craindre la mort et préférer au combat la mort à la défaite et à l’esclavage ? Nullement. Il semble donc que nous devions aussi surveiller ceux qui entreprennent de fournir de tels récits et leur demander de ne pas dénigrer ainsi, sans discernement, la vie dans l’Hadès, mais plutôt d’en faire l’éloge, puisque ce qu’ils nous racontent à présent n’est ni vrai ni édifiant pour des hommes destinés à devenir des guerriers. Oui, nous le devons, dit-il. Dès lors, dis-je, à commencer par ces vers, nous retrancherons tout ce qui est du même genre :\n\nJ’aimerais mieux, là-haut dans les champs, être le serf d’un autre,\nCultivateur d’un pauvre lopin qui ne lui donne qu’une maigre subsistance,\nQue régner en maître sur tous les morts qui ont péri,\nEsch. Frag. 350\n\net ceci :\n\nDe peur qu’aux hommes et aux immortels ne se découvrent les demeures des morts,\nHorribles, fétides, humides, que les dieux eux-mêmes ont en horreur,\nHom. Il. 20.64\n\net :\n\nHélas ! il est donc vrai que, jusque dans les demeures de l’Hadès,\nIl demeure une âme et une ombre, mais sans aucune intelligence,\nHom. Il. 10.495\n\net ceci :\n\nLui seul conserve sagesse et raison, les autres ne sont que des ombres qui voltigent,\nHom. Il. 23.103\n\net :\n\nÀ regret, son âme s’envola de ses membres vers l’Hadès,\nPleurant son destin, sa vigueur perdue et la fleur de sa jeunesse,\nHom. Il. 16.856",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
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}