{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "plato.timaeus",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plato/timaeus/reference-85/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Timaeus",
    "author": "Plato",
    "date": "c. 360-350 BCE",
    "summary": "Timaeus offers a likely account of the formation of cosmos, world soul, elements, and human body. The demiurge orders receptive material according to intelligible models before Critias resumes the announced political narrative.",
    "learning": "Understand demiurge, receptacle, and necessity, follow correspondences between cosmos and body, and interpret the status of a likely story.",
    "long_summary": "The speech distinguishes becoming from what remains and seeks a rational cause for visible order. Mathematical proportions, celestial movements, and elemental triangles connect cosmology, sensation, disease, and human composition. Necessity nevertheless resists the persuasion of intelligence.\n\nTimaeus calls his account a likely story, defining its status without making it arbitrary. The principal voice belongs to a learned character within Plato’s composition. Literary device, explanatory model, and doctrinal commitment therefore require distinction.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "Classical Greek world, 5th century BCE",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water.",
        "science": "Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments.",
        "medicine": "Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common.",
        "transport": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies.",
        "agriculture": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war.",
        "communication": "Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media.",
        "clothing": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Bronze, iron, pottery, simple cranes, and shipbuilding sustain cities. Power still comes mainly from people, animals, wind, and water. Geometry, astronomy, inquiry into nature, and rational argument advance without modern measuring instruments or standardized experiments. Practitioners observe symptoms, diet, and seasons; healing sanctuaries and ritual treatment also remain common."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Walking and animals dominate on land. Sailing ships and triremes connect islands, ports, and colonies. Public speech, messengers, and handwritten letters carry news. Theatre, the civic square, and the banquet are major social media."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Small farms, grain, vines, olives, goats, and sheep shape the diet; harvests remain vulnerable to weather and war."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/03-431-bce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Women and men drape wool or linen as chitons, peploi, and cloaks. Garments are pinned, belted, and shaped by status rather than tailored like modern clothes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/timaeus/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 76,
            "role": "original",
            "sha256": "a51da00fba889a301b7b6defc177e0806c523076aa9f6506ef752a71615c4388",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-timaeus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/timaeus/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 76,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "c444f25c55abfa716f12cd44aee2104f485e271b261fabaf7c31b40a8b7061ad",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-timaeus-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/timaeus/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 76,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "46fc12ef66ecabe22f5632d9c235c72d956d0b90721c691abc420ec88b01a893",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/timaeus_fr_carrier/representations/fr.ndjson",
            "language": "fr",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "historical_translation",
            "sha256": "499feb057f268baa84b23134b59fe17b3c74c4ef4a1a862b8086d894ac56192f",
            "source_id": "wikisource-cousin-timaeus-fr-01"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plato/timaeus_fr_carrier/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-11",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 1,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "271c6d0a54505df187a835b351084e679a3ab927d627a03e7fa175ffedfa24db",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "anger",
            "label": "Anger"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "creation",
            "label": "Creation"
        },
        {
            "id": "ether_field",
            "label": "Ether and field"
        },
        {
            "id": "family",
            "label": "Family"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "service",
            "label": "Service"
        },
        {
            "id": "substance",
            "label": "Substance"
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "plato.timaeus",
        "plato.timaeus_fr_carrier"
    ],
    "passages": 76,
    "word_count": 35159,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 35159,
        "fr": 33957,
        "grc": 23790
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "plato-stephanus-page-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "stephanus_page",
                "label_fr": "Page Stephanus",
                "label_en": "Stephanus page"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Passage",
        "leaf_en": "Passage"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:plato.timaeus:85",
    "canonical_ref": "85",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ΤΙ. ὧν καὶ τὸ φάρμακον χαλεπόν· πυρετοὶ γὰρ οὖν δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπιγιγνόμενοι μάλιστα λύουσιν. τὸ δὲ λευκὸν φλέγμα διὰ τὸ τῶν πομφολύγων πνεῦμα χαλεπὸν ἀποληφθέν, ἔξω δὲ τοῦ σώματος ἀναπνοὰς ἴσχον ἠπιώτερον μέν, καταποικίλλει δὲ τὸ σῶμα λεύκας ἀλφούς τε καὶ τὰ τούτων συγγενῆ νοσήματα ἀποτίκτον. μετὰ χολῆς δὲ μελαίνης κερασθὲν ἐπὶ τὰς περιόδους τε τὰς ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ θειοτάτας οὔσας ἐπισκεδαννύμενον καὶ συνταράττον αὐτάς, καθʼ ὕπνον μὲν ἰὸν πρᾳΰτερον, ἐγρηγορόσιν δὲ ἐπιτιθέμενον δυσαπαλλακτότερον· νόσημα δὲ ἱερᾶς ὂν φύσεως ἐνδικώτατα ἱερὸν λέγεται. φλέγμα δʼ ὀξὺ καὶ ἁλμυρὸν πηγὴ πάντων νοσημάτων ὅσα γίγνεται καταρροϊκά· διὰ δὲ τοὺς τόπους εἰς οὓς ῥεῖ παντοδαποὺς ὄντας παντοῖα ὀνόματα εἴληφεν. ὅσα δὲ φλεγμαίνειν λέγεται τοῦ σώματος, ἀπὸ τοῦ κάεσθαί τε καὶ φλέγεσθαι, διὰ χολὴν γέγονε πάντα. λαμβάνουσα μὲν οὖν ἀναπνοὴν ἔξω παντοῖα ἀναπέμπει φύματα ζέουσα, καθειργνυμένη δʼ ἐντὸς πυρίκαυτα νοσήματα πολλὰ ἐμποιεῖ, μέγιστον δέ, ὅταν αἵματι καθαρῷ συγκερασθεῖσα τὸ τῶν ἰνῶν γένος ἐκ τῆς ἑαυτῶν διαφορῇ τάξεως, αἳ διεσπάρησαν μὲν εἰς αἷμα, ἵνα συμμέτρως λεπτότητος ἴσχοι καὶ πάχους καὶ μήτε διὰ θερμότητα ὡς ὑγρὸν ἐκ μανοῦ τοῦ σώματος ἐκρέοι, μήτʼ αὖ πυκνότερον δυσκίνητον ὂν μόλις ἀναστρέφοιτο ἐν ταῖς φλεψίν. καιρὸν δὴ τούτων ἶνες τῇ τῆς φύσεως γενέσει φυλάττουσιν· ἃς ὅταν τις καὶ τεθνεῶτος αἵματος ἐν ψύξει τε ὄντος πρὸς ἀλλήλας συναγάγῃ, διαχεῖται πᾶν τὸ λοιπὸν αἷμα, ἐαθεῖσαι δὲ ταχὺ μετὰ τοῦ περιεστῶτος αὐτὸ ψύχους συμπηγνύασιν. ταύτην δὴ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχουσῶν ἰνῶν ἐν αἵματι χολὴ φύσει παλαιὸν αἷμα γεγονυῖα καὶ πάλιν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν εἰς τοῦτο τετηκυῖα, θερμὴ καὶ ὑγρὰ κατʼ ὀλίγον τὸ πρῶτον ἐμπίπτουσα πήγνυται διὰ τὴν τῶν ἰνῶν δύναμιν, πηγνυμένη δὲ καὶ βίᾳ κατασβεννυμένη χειμῶνα καὶ τρόμον ἐντὸς παρέχει.",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-timaeus-grc",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-timaeus-grc",
            "translation_type": "original"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Tim. Of these maladies the cure also is severe for what does most to relieve them is, in fact, an attack of fever. White phlegm, also, is dangerous when it is blocked inside because of the air in its bubbles; but when it has air-vents outside the body it is milder, although it marks the body with spots by breeding white scabs and tetters and the maladies akin thereto. And when this phlegm is blended with black bile and spreads over the revolutions of the head, which are the most divine, and perturbs them, its action is more gentle during sleep, but when it attacks persons who are awake it is harder to shake off; and because it is a disease of the sacred substance it is most justly termed the sacred disease. Phlegm that is sharp and saline is the fount of all the maladies which are of the nature of catarrhs; and these have received all kinds of names because the regions into which they flow are of all varieties. All those diseases which are called inflammations, owing to the burning and inflaming of the body which they involve, are caused by bile. This, when it gains an external outlet, boils and sends up all kinds of eruptions; but when it is confined inside it produces many burning diseases; and of these the gravest occurs when the bile, being mixed with pure blood, displaces the matter of the fibrine from its proper position. For this fibrine is dispersed through the blood in order that the blood may have a due proportion of both rarity and density, and may neither flow out from the porous body through being liquefied by heat, nor yet prove immobile through its density and circulate with difficulty in the veins. Of these qualities the fibrine preserves the due amount owing to the nature of its formation. Even when anyone collects together the fibrine of blood that is dead and in process of cooling, all the rest of the blood turns liquid; but if the fibrine is left alone as it is, it acts in combination with the surrounding cold and rapidly congeals the blood. As the fibrine, then, has this property, bile, which is naturally formed of old blood and dissolved again into blood from flesh, penetrates the blood gradually at first, while it is hot and moist, and is congealed by this property of the fibrine; and as it becomes congealed and forcibly chilled it causes internal cold and shivering.",
            "translator": "Benjamin Jowett",
            "edition": "perseus-plato-timaeus-en",
            "source_id": "perseus-plato-timaeus-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_human_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "Tim. Le traitement de ces maladies est lui aussi difficile, car ce qui contribue le plus à les soulager est, en fait, un accès de fièvre.\n\nLe phlegme blanc est également dangereux lorsqu’il est enfermé à l’intérieur à cause de l’air contenu dans ses bulles; mais lorsqu’il possède des évents à l’extérieur du corps, il est moins grave, bien qu’il marque le corps de taches en engendrant croûtes blanches, dartres et affections apparentées. Lorsque ce phlegme se mêle à la bile noire, se répand sur les révolutions de la tête, qui sont les plus divines, et les trouble, son action est plus douce durant le sommeil; mais lorsqu’il attaque ceux qui sont éveillés, il est plus difficile à chasser. Et parce qu’il s’agit d’une maladie de la substance sacrée, elle est très justement appelée maladie sacrée.\n\nLe phlegme âcre et salin est la source de toutes les maladies de nature catarrhale; celles-ci ont reçu toutes sortes de noms parce que les régions dans lesquelles elles s’écoulent sont de toutes sortes.\n\nToutes les maladies appelées inflammations, en raison de la combustion et de l’embrasement du corps qu’elles comportent, sont causées par la bile. Lorsqu’elle trouve une issue extérieure, elle bouillonne et fait surgir toutes sortes d’éruptions; lorsqu’elle est enfermée à l’intérieur, elle produit de nombreuses maladies brûlantes. La plus grave se produit lorsque la bile, mêlée au sang pur, déplace la matière de la fibrine hors de sa position propre. Cette fibrine est dispersée dans le sang afin que celui-ci possède la juste proportion de fluidité et de densité, et qu’il ne s’écoule pas hors du corps poreux parce que la chaleur l’aurait liquéfié, ni ne devienne immobile par sa densité et ne circule difficilement dans les veines. La fibrine maintient la juste mesure de ces qualités grâce à la nature de sa formation.\n\nMême lorsque quelqu’un rassemble la fibrine du sang mort et en voie de refroidissement, tout le reste du sang devient liquide; mais si la fibrine est laissée en place, elle agit conjointement avec le froid environnant et coagule rapidement le sang. Puisque la fibrine possède cette propriété, la bile, qui se forme naturellement à partir du vieux sang et se dissout de nouveau dans le sang depuis la chair, pénètre d’abord progressivement dans le sang tandis qu’elle est chaude et humide, puis se coagule sous l’effet de cette propriété de la fibrine. À mesure qu’elle se coagule et se refroidit avec violence, elle cause un froid intérieur et des frissons.",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-11",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "d89bcdf983b416abac926f4287e40be06a153c4b8e36a40022cbf182dfb18d77"
}