{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-passage-v1",
    "id": "plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/plutarch/stoic-self-contradictions/reference-7/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "On Stoic Self-Contradictions",
    "author": "Plutarch",
    "date": "late 1st to early 2nd century CE; internal order uncertain",
    "summary": "On Stoic Self-Contradictions observes character in action and tests moral rules against concrete situations.",
    "learning": "To read On Stoic Self-Contradictions, isolate the decisive action, distinguish character from fortune, then compare its consequence with that of a neighboring course of conduct.",
    "long_summary": "The polemic examines a Stoic claim from Plutarch’s Platonism. Every quotation of Chrysippus remains carried by this opponent and requires independent control.\n\nCanonical identity follows the critical Greek CTS divisions. The historical English translation and AI-generated French remain distinct, labeled manifestations. The charge here concerns gaps among Stoic principles, their logical consequences, and conduct attributed to their authors.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "platonism",
        "label": "Socratic and Platonic thought"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plutarch/stoic_self_contradictions/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 47,
            "role": "complete_aligned_work",
            "sha256": "f7fd2187679a4deb61567b6955f9cdf4b2f86b6475dd14637708c059ad070c8e",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plutarch/stoic_self_contradictions/representations/en.ndjson",
            "language": "en",
            "records": 47,
            "role": "complete_aligned_work",
            "sha256": "f420d365bec950a630ce7a98bd2a8dfcb692d9db4a4ce2c4dec08682c19285f7",
            "source_id": "perseus-en"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/plutarch/stoic_self_contradictions/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-13",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 47,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "d1607ed92f8011f3f02247b4d10150fc80438df969f98c4502433264c6c8b93a",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "aponia",
            "label": "Aponia"
        },
        {
            "id": "care_of_soul",
            "label": "Care of the soul"
        },
        {
            "id": "critique_of_stoicism",
            "label": "Critique of Stoicism"
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice"
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature"
        },
        {
            "id": "parable_and_reversal",
            "label": "Parable and reversal"
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason"
        },
        {
            "id": "roles",
            "label": "Roles and relationships"
        },
        {
            "id": "self_governance",
            "label": "Self-governance"
        },
        {
            "id": "sin",
            "label": "Sin"
        },
        {
            "id": "virtue",
            "label": "Virtue"
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions"
    ],
    "passages": 47,
    "word_count": 16570,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 16570,
        "fr": 17113,
        "grc": 12079
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "source-section-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "section",
                "label_fr": "Section",
                "label_en": "Section"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Section",
        "leaf_en": "Section"
    },
    "canonical_passage_id": "passage:plutarch.stoic_self_contradictions:7",
    "canonical_ref": "7",
    "canonical_parent_ref": null,
    "canonical_parent_id": null,
    "representations": [
        {
            "language": "grc",
            "text": "ἀρετὰς; ὁ Ζήνων ἀπολείπει πλείονας κατὰ διαφοράς, ὥσπερ ὁ Πλάτων, οἷον φρόνησιν ἀνδρείαν σωφροσύνην δικαιοσύνην, ὡς ἀχωρίστους μὲν οὔσας ἑτέρας δὲ καὶ διαφερούσας ἀλλήλων. πάλιν δὲ ὁριζόμενος αὐτῶν ἑκάστην τὴν μὲν ἀνδρείαν φησὶ φρόνησιν εἶναι ἑν ὑπομενετέοις τὴν δὲ σωφροσύνην φρόνησιν ἐν αἱρετέοις τὴν δὲ δικαιοσύνην φρόνησιν ἐν ἀπονεμητέοις, ὡς μίαν οὖσαν ἀρετὴν ταῖς δὲ πρὸς τὰ πράγματα σχέσεσι κατὰ τὰς ἐνεργείας διαφέρειν δοκοῦσαν. οὐ μόνον δʼ ὁ Ζήνων περὶ ταῦτα φαίνεται αὑτῷ μαχόμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ Χρύσιππος Ἀρίστωνι μὲν ἐγκαλῶν ὅτι μιᾶς ἀρετῆς σχέσεις ἔλεγε τὰς ἄλλας εἶναι, Ζήνωνι δὲ συνηγορῶν οὕτως ὁριζομένῳ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἑκάστην. ὁ δὲ Κλεάνθης ἐν Ὑπομνήμασι Φυσικοῖς εἰπὼν ὅτι πληγὴ πυρὸς ὁ τόνος ἐστί, κἂν ἱκανὸς ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ γένηται πρὸς τὸ ἐπιτελεῖν τὰ ἐπιβάλλοντα, ἰσχὺς καλεῖται καὶ κράτος· ἐπιφέρει κατὰ λέξιν ἡ δʼ ἰσχὺς αὕτη καὶ τὸ κράτος, ὅταν μὲν ἑν τοῖς φανεῖσιν ἐμμενετέοις ἐγγένηται, ἐγκράτειά ἐστιν, ὅταν δʼ ἐν τοῖς ὑπομενετέοις, ἀνδρεία· περὶ τὰς ἀξίας δὲ δικαιοσύνη περὶ δὲ τὰς αἱρέσεις καὶ ἐκκλίσεις σωφροσύνη.",
            "source_id": "perseus-grc",
            "translation_type": "critical_original_language"
        },
        {
            "language": "en",
            "text": "Moreover, Zeno admits (as Plato does) several virtues with various distinctions—to wit, prudence, fortitude, temperance and justice—as being indeed inseparable, but yet divers and different from one another. But again, defining every one of them, he says that fortitude is prudence in executing, justice prudence in distributing, as being one and the same virtue, but seeming to differ in its relation to various affairs when it comes to action. Nor does Zeno alone seem to contradict himself in these matters; but Chrysippus also, who blames Ariston for saying that the other virtues are different habits of one and the same virtue, and yet defends Zeno, who in this manner defines every one of the virtues. And Cleanthes, having in his Commentaries concerning Nature said, that vigor is the striking of fire, which, if it is sufficient in the soul to perform the duties presented to it, is called force and strength; subjoins these very words: Now this force and strength, when it is in things apparent and to be persisted in, is continence; when in things to be endured, it is fortitude; when about worthiness, it is justice; and when about choosing or refusing, it is temperance.",
            "translator": "William W. Goodwin, 1874",
            "source_id": "perseus-en",
            "translation_type": "historical_translation"
        },
        {
            "language": "fr",
            "text": "En outre, Zénon admet, comme Platon, plusieurs vertus diversement distinguées, à savoir la prudence, le courage, la tempérance et la justice, qui sont certes inséparables, mais néanmoins diverses et différentes les unes des autres. Cependant, lorsqu’il définit chacune d’elles, il dit que le courage est la prudence dans l’exécution, et la justice la prudence dans la distribution, comme s’il s’agissait d’une seule et même vertu qui paraît différer selon les diverses affaires auxquelles elle se rapporte lorsqu’elle passe à l’action. Zénon n’est d’ailleurs pas le seul à sembler se contredire sur ces questions. Chrysippe le fait aussi, lui qui reproche à Ariston de dire que les autres vertus sont des dispositions différentes d’une seule et même vertu, mais défend pourtant Zénon, qui définit de cette manière chacune des vertus. Et Cléanthe, après avoir dit dans ses Commentaires sur la nature que la vigueur est le choc du feu et que, lorsqu’elle suffit dans l’âme à accomplir les devoirs qui se présentent à elle, elle est appelée force et puissance, ajoute ces paroles mêmes : « Or cette force et cette puissance, lorsqu’elles s’appliquent aux choses manifestes dans lesquelles il faut persévérer, sont la maîtrise de soi ; lorsqu’elles s’appliquent aux choses qu’il faut supporter, elles sont le courage ; lorsqu’elles concernent ce qui est digne, elles sont la justice ; et lorsqu’elles concernent le choix ou le refus, elles sont la tempérance. »",
            "translator": "Codex gpt-5.6-sol",
            "edition": "Prokopton42 non-official AI translation, 2026-09-13",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "generation_model": "gpt-5.6-sol"
        }
    ],
    "content_checksum": "fbe17b7a0cb62d3fb61a2e337ee33bf613575b458a72be1c46e1544ef3818b14"
}