{
    "schema": "prokopton42-public-work-v1",
    "id": "posidonius.customs_wars",
    "canonical_url": "https://prokopton42.com/en/works/posidonius/customs-wars/",
    "language": "en",
    "title": "Fragments on Customs and Wars",
    "author": "Posidonius",
    "date": "1st century BCE; fragments of the Histories transmitted by ancient authors",
    "summary": "One hundred and ninety-seven carrier units trace war, institutions, luxury, dependency, and disorder in Posidonius’ lost Histories.",
    "learning": "Begin from a local fact, separate material conditions, customs, institutions, and decisions, then test the proposed connection against the carrier.",
    "long_summary": "Posidonius’ Histories do not survive as a continuous book. Athenaeus, Strabo, Diodorus, and other authors preserve quotations, summaries, and descriptions. The corpus keeps their names, references, and framing instead of dissolving their sentences into an imaginary Posidonian voice.\n\nThe material is valuable for examining how wealth, custom, power, and conflict interact. Its ethnographic categories must also be read as those of situated ancient carriers, never as natural truths about a people.",
    "historical_context": "The corpus manifests do not yet establish the precise place and circumstances of composition. The images below document the author’s world or the text’s transmission. They do not claim to show the exact scene of writing.",
    "material_world_label": "World of 1989",
    "material_world": {
        "technology": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet.",
        "science": "Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration.",
        "medicine": "CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits.",
        "transport": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods.",
        "agriculture": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs.",
        "communication": "Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic.",
        "clothing": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
    },
    "material_world_scenes": [
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-01.webp",
            "title": "Technology, science, and care",
            "description": "Personal computers, satellites, video, industrial robots, and expensive mobile phones exist, but the public Web does not yet. Computing, genetics, climate science, cosmology, and medical imaging produce growing data and international collaboration. CT, MRI, transplantation, vaccines, and intensive care advance; the AIDS epidemic exposes both medical capacity and its limits."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-02.webp",
            "title": "Travel and communication",
            "description": "Cars, high-speed rail, metros, aircraft, and containers globalize people and goods. Fixed telephones, fax, television, radio, and newspapers predominate. Email and computer networks remain mainly professional or academic."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-03.webp",
            "title": "Farming and food",
            "description": "Machinery, chemical inputs, breeding, and cold chains support high yields with increasingly debated social and environmental costs."
        },
        {
            "asset": "/assets/timeline/landmarks/30-1989-ce/world-04.webp",
            "title": "Clothing, women and men",
            "description": "Loose suits, jeans, trainers, women’s power suits, sportswear, and urban subcultures create highly varied silhouettes."
        }
    ],
    "intellectual_tradition": {
        "id": "stoicism",
        "label": "Stoicism"
    },
    "period": {
        "id": "ancient",
        "label": "Antiquity"
    },
    "languages": [
        "grc",
        "lat",
        "en",
        "fr"
    ],
    "manifestations": [
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/grc.ndjson",
            "language": "grc",
            "records": 187,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "97e8ef148444dbbe2f5566e6e0b3982dffe1324a670b5bfbf6f283cbe1eac7da",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete_for_admitted_eulogikon_heading_units",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/lat.ndjson",
            "language": "lat",
            "records": 10,
            "role": "public_domain_fragment_carrier_transcription",
            "sha256": "6207175643270c2d7ae59e51304a2e83cf9c672737c31e02da73f99429b392bf",
            "source_id": "eulogikon-msa-ac-9a0ec0eb419a"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/en-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "en",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6e8079083d8e83805990aad1551eb6422c4bda01e73bb6b8eb2d2d666deb6332",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        },
        {
            "coverage": "complete",
            "file": "data/corpus/normalized/posidonius/customs_wars/representations/ai-generated/fr-gpt-5-6-sol-corpus-passage-translation-v1.ndjson",
            "generated_on": "2026-09-15",
            "language": "fr",
            "model": "gpt-5.6-sol",
            "official_status": "non_official",
            "prompt_version": "corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "provider": "codex_subscription",
            "records": 197,
            "role": "ai_generated_translation_non_official",
            "sha256": "6328604f60a133659819695e9b50c6a124e8b5d7f2f4b71c173b4b3764498753",
            "source_id": "prokopton42-codex-translation:gpt-5.6-sol:corpus-passage-translation-v1",
            "translation_type": "ai_generated_translation"
        }
    ],
    "concepts": [
        {
            "id": "customs_and_institutions",
            "label": "Customs and institutions",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "empirical_travel_inquiry",
            "label": "Empirical inquiry through travel",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "historical_causation",
            "label": "Historical causation",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "luxury_and_corruption",
            "label": "Luxury and corruption",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "nature",
            "label": "Nature",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "reason",
            "label": "Reason",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "war_and_civil_disorder",
            "label": "War and civil disorder",
            "count": 197
        },
        {
            "id": "philosophical_eros",
            "label": "Philosophical eros",
            "count": 51
        },
        {
            "id": "friendship",
            "label": "Friendship",
            "count": 51
        },
        {
            "id": "time",
            "label": "Time",
            "count": 35
        },
        {
            "id": "forms",
            "label": "Intelligible forms",
            "count": 33
        },
        {
            "id": "justice",
            "label": "Justice",
            "count": 29
        }
    ],
    "source_work_ids": [
        "posidonius.customs_wars"
    ],
    "passages": 197,
    "word_count": 45218,
    "word_counts_by_language": {
        "en": 45218,
        "fr": 47092,
        "grc": 32647,
        "lat": 3205
    },
    "editorial_status": "gpt_5_6_semantic_draft_v1",
    "structure": {
        "citation_scheme": "eulogikon-posidonius-fragment-v1",
        "kind": "native",
        "levels": [
            {
                "key": "collection",
                "label_fr": "Collection Eulogikon",
                "label_en": "Eulogikon collection"
            },
            {
                "key": "fragment",
                "label_fr": "Fragment ou témoignage",
                "label_en": "Fragment or testimony"
            }
        ],
        "leaf_fr": "Unité porteuse",
        "leaf_en": "Carrier unit"
    },
    "content_checksum": "2216491cd41bcf4bcf8ed3a6433a0f50f5145ed43d8263905e6ad62b0808caf4"
}